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Nutrition Chapters 6 (Enery Balance)and 9 (Water balance)

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Answer
Kilocalorie   Large calorie unit used in nutrition science to avoid dealing with such large numbers (1000 calories= kilocalorie)  
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Metabolism   The sum of the body processes involveding food into various forms of energy.  
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Describe the difference between voluntary body work and involuntary body work. Give examples   voluntary-all activities related to a persons usual activities as well as aditional physical activites (running) Involuntary-all activities in the body not consciosly performed (breathing)  
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What are 3 energy yielding nutrients?   Carbohydrates,Fats,Proteins  
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Describe the difference between nurtient density and calorie density.   Nutrient density is dealing with the amount of vitamins and minerals countaines in the food where calorie density is dealing with the amount of fat in the food  
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Describe the body's 3 sources of stored energy   Glycogen, Adipose Tissue, Muscle Mass  
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what are 3 demands for energy that determin the body's total energy requirements? Describe them   Resting energy expenditure, Physical energy, and Themic effect of food.  
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What is a thyroid function test?   measures the activities of the throid, serum thyroxin levels and serum protein bond iodine and radioactive iodine uptake  
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What are the 4 factors that influence the Basal Metobolic Rate or BMR?   Lean body mass, Growth periods,Body temperature, Hormonal status  
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During times of illness, a fever causes the metabolic rate or BMR to increase or decrease?   Increase  
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To maintain daily energy balance, food-energy _________, must match body-energy _________.   Intake;Output  
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When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure________________________results   Positive energy balance  
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A ___________hour reserve of glycogen is stored in the _________as is quickly depleated if not replenished   12-48;liver  
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Basal metabolic rate is controlled by what gland ans what hormone?   Thyroid Gland; ?????  
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What soes the "thermic effect of food" mean?   Is the food stimuates metabolism and requires extra energy for digestion, absorbtion,and transportation of nutrience to the cells, the overall stimulating effect is the thermic effect of food.  
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The sum of the resting energy expenditure, plus the energy expanded in physical activity and the thermic effect of food is known as the body's _____________   energy's requirement  
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the most abundant compound in the body is?   Water  
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Water performs several essential functions in the body. List and describe them.   Solvent-provides the basic liquid solvent for all chemical reactions within the body.Transport-water circulates thoughout the body in the form of blood and various other secretions and tissue fluids.Thermoregulation-water is necessary to maintain a stabl  
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List and describe the 2 compartments in the body that store water?   Intracellular-the total water inside cell 40% to 45% total body weight.66% total body water extracellular-total body water outside the cell 20% of body weight. 34% of total body water  
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The body's state of dynamic balance is ________________   homeostasis  
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Plasma and tissue secretions surrounding cells make up what fluid compartment?   Interstatial Fluid  
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Most of our body fluids are found INSIDE or OUSIDE the cells? why?   Inside  
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Name 3 ways that water is avalible to the body   1. Water that is consumed 2. Water in foods that are eaten 3. Metabolism  
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there are 4 routes water normally leaves the body. List and describe them   1. Kidneys-peeing out waste 2. Skin-sweating with physical activites 3. Lungs-exhale releases water 4. Feces- feces is 70% water  
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There are 2 major electrolytes that work to maintain water balance between the intacellular and extracellular fluid compartments. What are they? What is their function?   Sodim, Potassium  
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The major Electrolyte OUSIDE cells are?   Sodium  
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The major Electrolyte INSIDE the cells is`   Potassium  
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2 hormones that control operations in the kidneys to help maintain water balance are _______________- and _____________________   Antiduretic Hormone Mechanism and Aldosterone Hormone Mechanism  
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The hormone that is responsible for promoting conservation of sodium in the kidney is?   Aldosterone Hormone  
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The hormone that conserves body water is   Antidiuretic Hormone  
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the 2 minerals that occcur in the extracellular fluid and regulate water balance are:   Electrolytes and Plasma Proteins  
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2 primary plasma proteins are _________________and _________________. they stay in the blood vessels to matain the fluid in them and regulate circulating blood volume   Albumin and Globulin  
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What 2 organ stsyems in addition to blood cirulation control overall water balance in the body?   Gastrontestinal circulation anf renal circulation  
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Describe 2 disorders of water balance   Dehyrdration- fluid loss that exceeds fluid intake (negative water balance) Edema- too much water makes tissue swell and isnt able to get back into blood vessels (swollen ankles, feet, and legs)  
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List the ways in which water and solutes move across membranes   Filtration- water is forced through membrane pores when pressure outside membrane is different Active transport- necessary to carry particles up stream across membranes (required energy, ATP) Osmosis- Hypotonic to Hypertonic  
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Osmosis   a passage of a solvent, such as water, through a membrane that seperates solutions of different concentrations, tending to equalize the consentration pressures of the solutions on either side of the membrane  
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Diffusion   is the force by which particles move outward in all directions from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration  
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Filtration   water is forced or filtered through the pores of membranes when the pressure outside the membrane is different  
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Active Transport   is necessary to carry particles up stream across seperating membranes. Even when the pressures are against their flow  
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Homeostasis   the body's state of dynamic balance  
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Pinocytosis   larger molecules attach themselves to the thicker cell membrane and are engulfed by the cell  
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Interstitial Fluid   plasma and tissue secretions sorounding cells make the fluid compartment  
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Intracellular Fluid   the total body water inside the cell  
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Extracellular Fluid   the total body water out side the cell  
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Plasma Proteins   Mainly in the form of Albumin and Globulin, are organic compounds of large molecular size. they do not move freely across membranes  
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