Nervous system cells notes
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| Cells of the Nervous System | Neuron, Glia
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| what is a Neuron | functional unit
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| three types of neurons | multipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, unipolar neuron
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| Dendrites | carry impulses TOWARD cell body
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| Axon | carry impulses AWAY from cell body
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| Nissl bodies | provides protein molecules needed for the transmission of nerve signals
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| Nodes of Ranvier | gaps in myelin sheath, increases speed of nerve impulses
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| Telodendria | distal, branching tips of axon
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| multipolar neurons | found in brain and spinal cord; many dendrites, 1 axon
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| bipolar neuron | found in eye, ear, olfactory pathways; least numerous
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| Unipolar neuron | always a sensory neuron
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| Glia | support neurons, do not conduct info
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| 5 types of Glia | Astrocytes, Microgila, Ependymal cells,oligodendrocytes, schwann cell
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| Astrocyte | "feeds" the neuron, helps form blood-brain barrier; largest & most numerous
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| Microglia | phagocytosis ability
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| Ependymal cells | line fluid filled cavities in brain and spinal cord
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| Oligodendrocytes | produces myelin sheath around nerve fibers in CNS
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| Schwann Cell | produces fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in PNS
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| Neurilemma | sheath, essential to regeneration of injured nerve fibers; regeneration will only occur if neurilemma & cell bodies are intact
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| White Matter | Myleinated nerve fibers
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| Grey Matter | made up of cell bodies & unmyleinated fibers in CNS; ganglia & unmyleinated fibers in PNS
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| Endoneurium | surrounds each nerve fiber
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| Fasicles | bundles of nerve fibers w/ their endoneurium
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| Perineurium | surrounds fasicles
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| Epineurium | surrounds complete nerve
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| Central Nervous System consists of | brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System consists of | nerves arising from brain and spinal cord
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| Afferent Division aka | Sensory division
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| Sensory Division | incoming sensory pathways- sense organs to CNS
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| interneuron | connects afferent and efferent nerves, lies entirely within the CNS
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| Efferent division aka | Motor division
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| Motor division | outgoing motor pathways- CNS to muscles or glands
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| Somatic Nervous system | carries info to skeletal muscles
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| autonomaic Nervous System | carries info to smooth muscles, glands and cardiac muscle
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| Somatic, Voluntary or Involuntary? | voluntary
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| Autonomaic, voluntary or involuntary? | involuntary
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| Sympathetic | prepares body for "flight of fight"
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| Parasympathetic | coordinates body's normal resting activities ex: digestion
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| Reflex Arc | Receptor> sensory neuron> interneuron> motor neuron> effector
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| Nerve impulses | wave of electrical fluctuation that travels along a plasma membrane
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| membrane potential | difference in electrical charge across a plasma membrane of a neuron
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| polarized | term referring to a neuron that has membrane potential
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| resting membrane potential | when a nerve is not conducting an impulse
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| charge when a nerve is not conducting an impulse | -70mv
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| voltage gated channel | open in in response to voltage fluctuation
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| example of voltage gated channel | potassium pump
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| Action Potential | membrane potential of an active neuron
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| Nerve impulse | all-or-none response
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| action potential aka | nerve impulse
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| stages/steps of a nerve impulse | 1. stimuli causes Na+ to come into cell 2.Influx causes adjacent gates to open creating a nerve impulse 3. depolarization occurs
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| repolarization | after impulse, membrane moves back to resting membrane potential
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| repolarization must occur before what? | a new impulse is detected
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| relative refractory period | milliseconds after impulse, membrane is repolarizing
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| relative refractory period will only respond to | a very strong stimulus
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| anesthesia | work by inhibiting the opening of the sodium channels, thus inhibiting the impulse
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| how many sodium ions are pumped out of the neuron for every 2 potassium ions pumped into the neuron | three
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| saltatory conduction | impulse conduction where impulse "jumps" from node of ranvier to node of ranvier
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| the larger the diameter of a nerve.... | the faster the impulse
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| synapse | place where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another
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| synapse (technical terms) | transmitted from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
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| Synaptic transmission (2 types) | Electrical and Chemical
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| Chemical Synapse (3 structures) | synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
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| synaptic knob | tiny bulge at end of presynaptic neuron's axon (contains neurotransmitter)
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| synaptic cleft | space between pre and post synaptic neuron
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| contains protein receptors for neurotransmitters | plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
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| neurotransmitters | released and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
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| neurotransmitters are classified by.... | function and chemical structure
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| 4 main chemical classes | acetylcholine (ACh), Amines, amino acids, "other" small molecules
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| Amines are found where? | brain
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| seratonin and histamine are? | Amines
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| severe depression results from? | insufficient amines in the brain
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| Catecholamines | Dopamine, epinephtine and norepinephrine
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| what blocks the uptake of dopamine? | cocaine
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| Most disorders of the nervous system involve what? | glia
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| Multiple Sclerosis | disorder of oliodendrocyte
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| Glioma | most common brain tumor, usually benign
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| Benign | noncancerous
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| Glioblastoma multoforme | highly malignant form of an astrocytic tumor
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| glioblastoma multoforme spreads in what part of the brain? | white matter
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| multiple neurofibromatosis | numerous fibrous neuromas throughout the body
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