CHCS Earth Science Chapter 3
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| gnomon | an instrument used to cast shadows in sunlight
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| quadrant | an instrument used to measure a star's position, esp for navigation
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| sundial | a gnomon with a numbered dial used to tell time
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| refract | to bend or break
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| refracting telescopes | uses only lenses to gather light and magnify an image
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| Roger Bacon | 1st to use telescopes for navigation and war
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| Galileo | 1st to use telescopes for viewing the heavens; used a refracting telescope
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| ocular lens | AKA eyepiece lens
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| objective lens | the lens that is pointed toward the object being viewed; the diameter of this lens indicates the size of the refracting telescope
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| the 3 functions of a telescope | 1) gather light
2) magnify the image
3) bring out the details of the image (resolution)
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| resolution | the ability of telescope to bring out the details of an image
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| chromatic aberration | color distortion caused by refracting telescopes; makes 'ghosts' around image -- makes image fuzzy; tried to reduce this by making the telescope very long
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| reflecting telescopes | invented by Sir Issac Newton; uses a mirror to gather light; eliminates chromatic aberration
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| Newtonian Reflector | the image is viewed through the side of the tube
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| Cassegrainian Reflector | more compact and easier to use than a Newtonian reflector; the image is viewed through the end like a refracting telescope
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| honeycomb mirror | advancement in mirror construction where the mirror is spin cast over a honeycomb shaped base
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| segmented mirror | hexagonal (6 sided) mirrors that fit together to make one large mirror
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| meniscus mirror | a single piece of glass that is so thin, it requires computer actuators to keep the mirror in the proper shape
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| composite telescope | a modern telescope that uses both lenses and a mirror to gather light
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| radio telescope | a large "satellite dish" used to collect rays and waves other than visible light; also used as radar to investigate nearby space objects like planets
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| 2 types of telescope mounts | equatorial and altazimuth
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| 2 ways to locate stars | constellations or coordinates
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| Bayer | assigned Greek letters to the most prominent stars; usually alpha for the brightest, beta for the 2nd brightest, etc...
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| celestial equator | the plane of the earth's equator projected into the sky, dividing the heavens into northern and southern halves
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| declination (DEC) | a star's angular distance north or south of the celestial equator; + indicates north, - indicates south
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| right ascension (RA) | given in hours; gives a stars longitudinal distance east of the Prime Hour Circle
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| Prime Hour Circle | the starting line for right ascension
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| magnitude | a measure of a star's brightness
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| two things that affect a star's brightness | 1) distance from earth
2) absolute magnitude (how much light it is actually giving off)
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| the earth's nearest star neighbor | Proxima Centauri; 4.22 light years away from earth
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| light year | the distance light travels in a year; 186,000 miles per second; 5.9 trillion miles
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| proper motion | a star's motion across the sky as we see it
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| radial motion | a star's movement toward or away from earth; + for moving toward us, - for moving away from us
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| supergiant | the largest and brightest stars
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| white dwarfs | very hot, blue-white stars; extremely dense; near the size of the earth
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| eclipsing binaries | two stars that revolve around each other, one dim and one bright, appearing as one star that varies in brightness from night to night; example -- Algol...'the eye of the demon' in the constellation Perseus
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| Cepheid variables | a type of star that changes in brightness because it expands and contracts regularly
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| nova | "new star"; a star that no one has recorded before, that is visible for a time, and then fades...caused by the star exploding, but the star is not destroyed and may explode again
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| supernova | a star that increases in brightness by 20 or more magnitudes, in an explosion that nearly destroys the star
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| neutron star | an extremely dense, small, dark star that remains after a supernova explosion
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| pulsar | a neutron star that appears to be spinning rapidly and emitting radio waves at regular intervals
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| magnetars | neutron stars that have extremely strong rotation magnetic fields
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| star cluster | several stars that have the same motions
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| open cluster | several stars with the same motions that are relatively far apart
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| globular clusters | several stars with the same motions that appear to be a single star; a spherical region of space filled with thousands of closely spaced stars
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| galaxy | consists of millions of stars; may be spiral, elliptical, barred spiral, or irregular
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| nebula | clouds of gas and dust
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| bright nebula | clouds of mostly dust particles that are visible because they reflect light from nearby stars
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| planetary nebula | ring shaped nebula
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| dark nebula | clouds of gas and dust that do not have nearby source of light; they can be seen because they block light from objects that are behind them
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| quasars | areas of space with no nearby objects that emit radio waves; QSO; quasi-stellar objects
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| black holes | thought to be unimaginably dense objects with crushing gravity that is so great, not even light can escape; first mentioned by Einstein
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