A &P - Chap 3
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| cell | structural unit of all living things | ||||
| cell theory (4) | 1. structural unit of life 2. organism is dependent on its cells 3. principle of complementarity 4. continuity of life has a cellular basis | ||||
| principle of complementarity | cell activity is made possible by subcellular structures | ||||
| 3 functions of plasma membrane | transporting things across membrane, interacting with other cells, generation and maintenance of a resting membrane potential | ||||
| fluid mosaic model | membrane is fluid bilayer of phospholipids and protein molecules | ||||
| integral proteins, function? | firmly inserted in lipid bilayer, transmembrane proteins | ||||
| glycolipids | externally facing lipid molecules attached to sugar groups | ||||
| peripheral proteins | not embedded in lipids, usually appended to exposed parts of integral proteins | ||||
| glycocalex | sticky area at cell surface | ||||
| microvilli | fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane that project from cell surface | ||||
| tight junctions, how permeable? | protein molecules in adjacent cell membranes fuse together like a zipper, impermeable | ||||
| desmosomes, held together by what? | mechanical couplings along the sides of adjacent cells to prevent their separation, held together by glycoprotein filaments | ||||
| gap junctions function? | to allow direct passage of substances between cels | ||||
| by what are cells connected in gap junctions? | connexons (transmembrane proteins) | ||||
| interstitial fluid | extracellular fluid constantly bathing our cells | ||||
| selectively permeable | allows some substances to pass through but not all | ||||
| diffusion | tendency of molecules or ions to scatter themselves evenly throughout an environment | ||||
| concentration gradient | molecules diffuse down this, from greater to lower | ||||
| osmosis | diffusion of water | ||||
| osmolarity | the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution | ||||
| hydrostatic pressure | pressure exerted by water against the membrane | ||||
| osmotic pressure | tendency to resist further water entry | ||||
| tonicity | ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering their internal water volume | ||||
| isotonic | normal | ||||
| hypertonic leads to | crenation | ||||
| hypotonic leads to | lyse | ||||
| facilitated diffusion | protein carrier molecules allow particles to pass membrane | ||||
| filtration | process by which water and solutes are forced through a body membrane by the hydrostatic pressure of blood | ||||
| active transport (solute pumping) | requires ATP | ||||
| passive transport | run by kinetic energy | ||||
| solute pumps | mediate active transport against thr concentration gradient | ||||
| K+ | intracellular | ||||
| Na+ | extracellular | ||||
| sodium-potassium ATPase | an ATP driven sodium-potassium pump that simultaneously moves both ions across membrane | ||||
| 2 types of bulk transport | exocytosis, endocytosis | ||||
| exocytosis | substances are moved from interior to exterior | ||||
| endocytosis | substances are moved into the cell | ||||
| 3 types of endocytosis | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis | ||||
| phagocytosis | cell eats solid material | ||||
| phagosome | membranous sac containing solid material eaten by cell | ||||
| amoeboid motion | the flowing of cytoplasm into temporary pseudopods | ||||
| pinocytosis | cell drinking | ||||
| receptor mediated endocytosis | receptors on membrane only bind with certain molecules | ||||
| clathrin | coats the receptor mediated endocytosis | ||||
| membrane potential | voltage | ||||
| cell's resting membrane potential? | -20 to -200 millivolts | ||||
| all cells are said to be ______ | polarized (cell is negative compared to environment) | ||||
| cytosol | viscous fluid of the cytoplasm | ||||
| inclusions | non functioning units inside the cell (ex: fat, glycogen granules) | ||||
| 2 functions of mitochondria | site of ATP synthase, powerhouse of cell | ||||
| 1 function of ribosomes | sites of protein synthesis | ||||
| 2 functions of rough ER | proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to golgi, external synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol | ||||
| smooth ER is site of 3 things? | lipid/steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification | ||||
| 1 function of lysosomes | site of intracellular digestion | ||||
| 1 function of peroxisomes | enzymes detoxify toxic substances | ||||
| microfilaments, size and made of? | fine filaments, protein actin | ||||
| intermediate filaments, what kind of fibers and composition? | protein fibers, composition varies | ||||
| microtubules structure & made of? | cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins | ||||
| 2 functions of centrioles | forms mitotic spindle and asters, bases of cillia and flagella | ||||
| 1 function of cillia | movement | ||||
| 1 function of flagella | movement | ||||
| 3 functions of nucleus | control center, transmits genetic information, provides instruction for protein synthesis | ||||
| 1 function of nucleoli | site of ribosome manufacture | ||||
| 2 functions of nuclear membrane | separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm, regulates passage of substances to and from nucleus | ||||
| 1 function of chromatin, composed of 2 things? | DNA constitutes the genes, DNA and histone proteins | ||||
| secretory vesicles | discharge by exocytosis | ||||
| basal bodies | centrioles forming the bases of cillia and flagella | ||||
| nucleoplasm | colloidal fluid that holds chromatin and nucleoli | ||||
| nucleosomes | spherical clusters of 8 histones connected by a DNA molecule | ||||
| 4 cell life cycle stages? | G1 - S - G2 - Mitosis | ||||
| G1 (growth 1) | rapid growth and metabolic activity | ||||
| which 3 cell life cycles are interphase? | G1 - S - G2 | ||||
| interphase is... | total period from cell formation to cell division | ||||
| S (synthetic) | growth and DNA replication | ||||
| G2 (growth 2) | enzymes and proteins needed for division are synthesized and moved to their positions | ||||
| semiconservative replication (3 things) | 2 DNA molecules are formed, are original to the original DNA helix, and each contains 1 new and 1 old nucleotide strand | ||||
| order of M phase (5 steps) | prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis | ||||
| mitosis | parcel out replicated DNA of mother cell into 2 daughter cells | ||||
| cleavage furrow, 2 types of microfilaments | during cytokinesis, actin and myosin | ||||
| benign neoplasm | local tumor | ||||
| malignant neoplasms | cancerous cells | ||||
| metastasis | ability to break from mother tumor and travel to other body organs | ||||
| early prophase (1) | chromatin threads become chromosomes | ||||
| late prophase (3) | mitotic spindle forms, spindle attaches to kinetochores, nuclear membrane dissolves | ||||
| metaphase (1) | chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate | ||||
| anaphase (2) | centromeres are split, chromosomes split | ||||
| telophase (3) | chromosomes go back to threadlike chromatin, nuclear membranes form, mitotic spindle dissolves | ||||
| triplet | a "word" that specifies a specific amino acid | ||||
| genetic code | rules by which base sequence of a DNA gene are translated into protein structure | ||||
| protein structure = | amino acid sequence | ||||
| rRNA | forms part of the ribosomes | ||||
| mRNA (3 steps) | forms "half DNA molecules" (codons), leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome, translation begins | ||||
| tRNA (3 steps) | becomes aminoacyl-tRNA, bonds via anticodon to mRNA codon sequence on ribosome, is released and ready to be recharged | ||||
| transcription occurs... | inside nucleus | ||||
| translation occurs... | cytoplasm | ||||
| codon | corresponding 3 base sequence on mRNA to a triplet | ||||
| transcription | transfer of info from DNA to mRNA | ||||
| translation | base sequences are translated into amino acid sequences | ||||
| anticodon | 3 base sequence on tRNA complementary to mRNA codon | ||||
| hyperplasia | accelerated growth | ||||
| atrophy | a decrease in size of an organ or body tissue |
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Created by:
ngrable
on 2011-09-27