chapter 2 question answers
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| Theory | gathers a lot of data and makes a statement on how the world works
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| Hypothesis | what you think is going to happen when you test a theory
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| Falsifiable theory | can be proven wrong,
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| Confirmation bias | people really want to prove their theories
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| Case study | get a lot of info about one case, Freud famously used these, used when weird, horrible things happen
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| Advantages to case study | rich in info, only way to study weird problems
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| Disadvantages to case study | generalizability, can’t prove theories this way, can falsify
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| Observation | watching what’s going on
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| Naturalistic observation | observing people in natural habitat, less reactivity, no control, more ecological validity
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| Laboratory observation | bring people into lab, more control, more reactivity, less ecological validity
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| Ecological validity | when things are more like actual env’t
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| Reliability | consistency
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| test-retest reliability | giving a test multiple times
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| Inter-rater reliability | a different person grades and scores tests
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| Alternate forms reliability | giving different versions of the test
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| Validity | is it really measuring what we want it to
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| Content validity | is it measuring the correct thing
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| Criterion validity | there is outside criteria that the test predicts
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| Advantages to surveys | covers large population, easy, cheap
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| Disadvantages to surveys | people lie on survey, volunteer bias
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| Representative sample | it has many different types of people
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| Correlation | statistic that tells about a relationship between variables
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| Positive correlation | as one variable increases the other variable increases
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| Negative correlation | as one variable increases the other variable decreases
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| Strong correlation | how close together the numbers are
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| Always remember | Correlations do not imply causation
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| Experiment | manipulates variables, can find causation
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| Independent variable | variable being manipulated
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| Dependent variable | variable measured
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| Random assignment | random grouping
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| Confound | another variable that gets in way of experiment variable with another explanation
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| Quasi-experiment | experiment without random assignment, ex. Race, gender
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| Placebo effect | someone tells you that you will have an effect, so you have that effect
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| Single blind | patient doesn’t know what they’re getting
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| Double blind | patients and experimenters don’t know what they’re getting
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| Control condition | participants not exposed to same treatment as in experimental condition
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| Experimenter effects | unintended changes in study participants behavior due to cues inadvertently given by experimenter
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| Concerns with cross-cultural research | language translation, stereotypes
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| Problem with average | the exact numbers could be really close together or really far apart
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| Standard deviation | ho clustered or spread out individual scores are around mean
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| Statistically significant | high probability that the difference between control and experiment is real
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| Cross-sectional study | study where people of different ages are compared at a given time
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| Longitudinal study | same group of people at different times
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| Informed consent | participants enter a study voluntarily
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| Reactivity | when individuals alter behavior due to awareness of being observed
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