Musical Terms for Basic Conducting
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| Accelerando | gradually increasing tempo
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| Acciaccatura | "crushing," a short appoggiatura or grace note sounded simultaneously with the following note
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| Accompagnato | accompanied, with the accompaniment following the soloist, who may speed up or slow down at will
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| Adagio | at ease; a slow tempo, slower than andante, but not so slow as largo (66-76)
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| Ad libitum | at liberty; the speed and manner of execution are left to the performer
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| A due | for two voices or instruments; two instruments are to play in unison, after divisi or a solo passage for one of the instruments
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| Agitiato | agitated; restless; hurried.
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| Alla breve | two half-note beats to a bar (implies 2/2)
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| Allargando | broadening; becomes slower
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| Allegretto | light; cheerful; like allegro, but a little less fast.
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| Allegro | quick; lively; rapid. (126-168)
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| Amabile | graceful
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| Andante | at a walking pace; at a moderate tempo (76-104)
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| Animato | animated, lively.
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| Appoggiatura | a grace note that "leans" on the following note, taking up some of its value in the measure.
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| Arco | played with the bow; as opposed to pizzicato (plucked), in music for bowed instruments- normally used to cancel a pizzicato direction.
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| Arioso | in the manner of the aria; a short piece like an aria.
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| Assai | very
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| A tempo | in time; indication that the performer should return to the main tempo of the piece.
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| Attacca | attack; direction to begin (attack) the next movement immediately, without gap or pause
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| Basso continuo | continuous bass; a bass part played continuously throughout a piece to give harmonic structure, used especially in the Baroque period.
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| Cantabile | in a singing style
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| Cesura (caesure) | break, stop; a complete break in sound (sometimes called "railroad tracks")
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| Coda | a closing section appended to a movement.
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| Codetta | a small coda.
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| Colla parte | with the soloist.
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| Colla voce | with the voice.
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| Col legno | with the wood of the bow
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| Con | with; used in many musical directions.
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| Con moto | with motion.
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| Con sordino | with a mute.
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| Dolce | sweetly.
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| Double stop | the act of playing two note simultaneously on a melodic percussion instrument or stringed instrument.
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| Dur (German) | major; used in key signatures, A-Dur = A Major.
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| Espressivo | expressively.
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| Fine | the end.
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| Fortepiano (fp) | strong/gentle; loud then immediately soft.
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| Furioso | furiously.
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| Grave | slowly and seriously.
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| Grazioso | gracefully.
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| Hemiola | the imposition of a pattern of rhythm or articulation other than that implied by the time signature; in triple time (3/4) the imposition of a duple pattern.
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| Langsam (German) | slowly.
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| Larghetto | somewhat slowly; not as slow as largo (60-66).
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| Largo | broadly; slowly (40-60).
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| Leggiero | lightly, delicately.
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| Lento | slowly.
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| Liberamente | freely.
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| L'istesso tempo | the same tempo.
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| Ma non troppo | but not too much.
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| Maestoso | majestically, in a stately fashion.
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| Massig (German) | moderately.
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| Mezzo voce | half voice.
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| Moll (German) | minor; used in key signatures; a-moll = a minor.
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| Molto | very.
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| Mosso | moving.
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| Moto | motion; usually seen as con moto (with motion).
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| Ostinato | repeated rhythmical pattern.
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| Partitur (German) | ful orchestral score.
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| Passionato | passionately.
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| Pastorale | in a pastoral style, peaceful and simple.
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| Pausa | rest.
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| Pesante | heavy, ponderous.
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| Piu | more.
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| Pizzicato | plucked.
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| Poco | a little.
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| Poco a poco | little by little.
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| Poi | then; diminuendo poi subito fortissimo (softer then suddenly very loud).
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| Portamento | generally sliding in pitch from one note to another (especially in singing; more often called glissando in instrumental music).
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| Prestissimo | extremely quick; as fast as possible.
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| Presto | very quickly.
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| Quasi | as if.
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| Rallentando | progressively slower.
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| Rapido | fast.
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| Ritardando | slowing down.
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| Rubato | flexible in tempo, applied to notes within a musical phrase for expressive effect.
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| Schnell (German) | fast.
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| Secco | dry; as in secco recitative (dry recitative).
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| Sehr (German) | very
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| Semplice | simply.
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| Sempre | always.
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| Senza | without.
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| Senza misura | without measure.
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| Senza sordino | without the mute.
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| Sforzando (sfz) | made loud; sudden strong accent.
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| Silenzio | silence.
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| Simile | similarly; continue applying the preceding directive to the following passage.
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| Sotto voce | under voice; subdued.
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| Spiccato | distinct, separated; a way of playing a stringed instrument by bouncing the bow on the string.
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| Stretto | a passage in a fugue in which the contrapuntal texture is more dense, due to the close overlapping entries of the subject in various voices.
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| Stringendo | with a pressing forward or acceleration of the tempo.
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| Subito | suddenly,
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| Sul ponticello | on the bridge; an indication to bow very near to the bridge.
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| Sul tasto | on the fingerboard; an indication to bow over the fingerboard.
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| Tacet | silent; do not play.
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| Tempo giusto | in strict time.
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| Tempo primo/Tempo I | resume original tempo.
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| Tenuto | held; sustained for full value.
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| Tranquillo | calmly, peacefully.
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| Troppo | too much; usually seen as allegro non troppo (fast but not too fast).
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| Tutti | all together, usually after a period of a solo section.
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| Una corda | one string; in piano music it means to hold down the soft pedal.
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| Un poco | a little.
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| Vivace | very lively.
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