Review of Amino Acid Metabolism
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| 3 sources of amino acids are: | 1. Body Protein 2. Dietary Protein 3. Synthesis of non-essential amino acids
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| When does our body use protein as a source of energy? | When we have excess protein or a lack of Carbs and Lipids.
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| List the essential amino acids: | Phe, Val, Thr, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Lys, Leu
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| What amino acids are formed by transamination reactions? | Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate
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| Alanine is formed from ______ using the enzyme ______. | Pyruvate; ALT (with glutamate as a cofactor)
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| Aspartate is formed from ______ using the enzyme ________. | Oxaloacetate; AST
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| Asparagine is formed from _______. | Aspartate
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| Glutamine is formed from ________. | Glutamate
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| In the formation of asparagine, _________ is the amide donor. | Glutamine
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| Proline is formed from _______. | Glutamate
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| Serine is formed from ________. | 3-phosphoglycerate (intermediate of glycolysis)or glycine
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| Glycine is formed from _________. | Serine
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| Cysteine is formed from _______. | Serine and Methionine
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| Tyrosine is formed from _________. | Phenylalanine
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| PKU is a disease that leads to CNS problems and pigmentation deficiencies and is caused by_____. | The absense of phenylalanine hydroxylase; the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.
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| Homocystinuria is a disease that causes premature vascular disease and mental defects and is caused by ________. | An absence of the enzyme cystathionine synthase which catalyzes the creation of Cystine.
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| 3 sources of amino acids are: | 1. Body Protein 2. Dietary Protein 3. Synthesis of non-essential amino acids
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| When does our body use protein as a source of energy? | When we have excess protein or a lack of Carbs and Lipids.
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| List the essential amino acids: | Phe, Val, Thr, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Lys, Leu
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| What amino acids are formed by transamination reactions? | Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate
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| Alanine is formed from ______ using the enzyme ______. | Pyruvate; ALT (with glutamate as a cofactor)
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| Aspartate is formed from ______ using the enzyme ________. | Oxaloacetate; AST
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| Asparagine is formed from _______. | Aspartate
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| Glutamine is formed from ________. | Glutamate
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| In the formation of asparagine, _________ is the amide donor. | Glutamine
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| Proline is formed from _______. | Glutamate
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| Serine is formed from ________. | 3-phosphoglycerate (intermediate of glycolysis)or glycine
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| Glycine is formed from _________. | Serine
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| Cysteine is formed from _______. | Serine and Methionine
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| Tyrosine is formed from _________. | Phenylalanine
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| PKU is a disease that leads to CNS problems and pigmentation deficiencies and is caused by_____. | The absense of phenylalanine hydroxylase; the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.
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| Homocystinuria is a disease that causes premature vascular disease and mental defects and is caused by ________. | An absence of the enzyme cystathionine synthase which catalyzes the creation of Cystine.
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| Ketogenic amino acids yield ______. | acetyl CoA or acetoacetate
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| Glucogenic amino acids yield ______. | Pyruvate or Kreb cycle intermediates
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| Aminotransferases (transaminases) depend on | Vitamin b6
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| The 2 most important aminotransferases are: | ALT and AST
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| Alanine amino transferase (ALT) changes alanine and a-ketoglutarate into _________ | pyruvate and glutamate
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| Aspartate amino transferase (AST) changes glutamate and a-ketoglutarate into ________ | Aspartate and oxaloacetate
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| _________ are the sources of urea nitrogen. | Aspartate and ammonia
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| ________ releases free ammonia for urea synthesis. | Oxidative deamination reaction of glutmatate.
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| The oxidative deamination reaction of glutamate releases what products? | a-ketoglutarate + NH3 (ammonia)
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| What enzyme is involved in the oxidative deamination of glutamate? | glutamate dehydrogenase
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| Where is arginase found and what does it do? | Arginase is only found in the liver; It converts arginine to urea in the Urea cycle.
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| What is the overall reaction of the Urea Cycle? | Aspartate + NH3 + CO2 + 3 ATP ----> Urea + Fumurate + 2 ADP + AMP + 2 Pi + PPi
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| The first two reactions of the Urea cycle occur in the ________, and the remaining three take place in the __________. | Mitochondrial Matrix; Cytosol
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