Unit 1 terms/data
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacology | the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.
🗑
|
||||
| 6 fields of pharmacology | pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacy, posology, toxicology
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmacodynamics | study of the action of drugs on living tissues (mechanism of action)
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmacokinetics | study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmacotherapeutics | stud of the use of drugs in treating disease
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmacy | science of preparing and dispensing medicines
🗑
|
||||
| Posology | study of the amount of drug that is required to produce therapeutic effect (desired effect)
🗑
|
||||
| Toxicology | study of the toxic/poisonous effects of drugs
🗑
|
||||
| FDA definition of a drug | any substance used in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or animals
🗑
|
||||
| 3 medical uses for drugs | therapeutic, preventative, diagnostic
🗑
|
||||
| Therapeutic use | drugs are used to control/cure symptoms, conditions, or diseases of a physiological or psychological nature; ex. Antibiotics, analgesics, hormone replacement therapy.
🗑
|
||||
| Preventative use | drugs are used to prevent the occurrence of symptoms, conditions, or diseases. Ex. Vaccination for immunization against childhood diseases (extends lifespan); drugs taken to prevent motion sickness prior to flying
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnostic use | drugs are used by themselves or in conjunction w/ radiological procedures & other types of medical tests to provide evidence of a disease process. Ex. Radiopaque dyes used during x-ray procedures; drugs given to stimulate cardiac exercise
🗑
|
||||
| Why do people take drugs?: | To aid in religious practices, explore the self, alter mood, treat cause/symptoms of disease, promote and enhance social interaction, enhance sensory experience, stimulate artistic creativity/performance, improve physical performance, make money
🗑
|
||||
| Responsibilities of health professionals administering meds | ck written order, if med s/b held prior to admin; ID allergies; know drug action/side effects, usual dosages; know pt. condition; ID pt; stay until oral meds swallowed; record necessary info immediately; family and pt teaching; admin using 5 rights rule
🗑
|
||||
| Five rights rule | right—patient, drug, dose, route, time
🗑
|
||||
| Precautions in drug administration | no distractions; proper lighting; ck label 3x; use current meds (no expired); prep meds just before admin; admin drugs you prepare; admin properly labeled drugs; use proper prep tech; store as recommended; keep narcotics locked up; keep accurate records
🗑
|
||||
| Source of drug information | United States pharmacopoeia
🗑
|
||||
| United States Pharmacopoeia | est.1906; official drug reference; unbiased. Several volumes; v1 for health professionals, v2 for pts; has drug monographs w/ practical info; highlights risks, monthly updates, updated annually; highly recommended reference for all health professionals.
🗑
|
||||
| Natural sources of drugs | plants, animals, minerals
🗑
|
||||
| Genetic engineering | experimental manipulation of the genome to produce certain characteristics; ex. Gene splicing technique;
🗑
|
||||
| Recombinant DNA technology | piece of DNA extracted from one organism that is then inserted into another (i.e. single-cell bacterium); if inserts, organisms will produce large amounts of specific protein, allowing valuable proteins to be produced for mass distribution
🗑
|
||||
| Schedule drugs | drugs with potential for abuse/dependence; 1970 leg Controlled Substances Act est. by DEA created 5 categories for controlled substances; label and packaging for controlled sub must show drug’s assigned schedule (big “C” w/ roman numeral of schedule)
🗑
|
||||
| Federal Food & Drug Act of 1906 | est US Pharmacopoeia & Nat’l Formulary as compendia of approved drugs, 1st official written source for meds; 1st gov’t attempt to protect consumers of foods/ drugs; drug prep w/ any “dangerous” drugs must show ingred on label; no enforcement agency
🗑
|
||||
| Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951 | specified how prescription drugs could be ordered/dispensed; recognized OTC drugs; required warning labels for drowsiness, nervousness, etc; created “legend drugs”—drugs that bear label “caution
🗑
|
||||
| Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970 | est. DEA; drugs w/ potential for abuse indicated as controlled substances; created five schedules; sets security, reg of inventory, limitations for use of controlled substances; prescribers must have DEA number.
🗑
|
||||
| Schedule I drug | high abuse potential; no accepted medical use; approved protocol necessary for dispensation; ex. opioids (heroin); cannabis, psychedelics
🗑
|
||||
| Schedule II drug | high abuse potential; accepted medical uses, may lead to dependence; script necessary; emergency verbal scripts must be confirmed w/in 72 hours; no refills allowed; warning label; ex opioids, barbiturates, stimulants
🗑
|
||||
| Informed consent | mandatory; must be given to volunteers of research studies; form includes detailed info about the study, potential side effects, benefits.
🗑
|
||||
| Double-blind clinical study | third party knows who receives active drug; neither the patient or investigators know which patients are receiving the drug or placebo
🗑
|
||||
| Steps in development of new drugs | drug tested for toxicity, pharmacokinetics, useful effects;animal testing, then FDA review;gets chemical name, generic name; human clinical trials for safety, therapeutic use, dosage; approval leads to brand name; drug released for observation of patients
🗑
|
||||
| Pregnancy safety categories | FDA assigned categories for drugs
🗑
|
||||
| Category X | pregnancy safety categories; fetal abnormalities reported, positive evidence of fetal risk in human; risks involved clearly outweigh the potential benefits. Drugs should not be used in pregnant women.
🗑
|
||||
| Generic drug substitution | pharmacists are permitted to sub the generic drug for brand name drug; prescribing physician can specify if trade name drug is preferred; use of generics offers considerable savings, but for certain critical drugs, physicians prefer trade names.
🗑
|
||||
| Phases affecting drug activity | dosepharmaceutical phase, pharmacokinetic phase, pharmacodynamic phaseeffect
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmaceutical phase | disintegration of dosage form, dissolution
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmacokinetic phase | absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion; most drugs ionized so water soluble; influence of pH on these compounds is crucial to absorption; lipid soluble drugs easily pass through membrane.
🗑
|
||||
| Passive transport | most drugs are transported by this system (no energy required)
🗑
|
||||
| Active/carrier transport | necessary for transport of amino acids, glucose, and a few drugs (energy required); active transport usually more rapid than passive diffusion.
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmacokinetic absorption variables | nature of absorbing surface, blood flow, solubility, pH, drug concentration, pharmaceutical preparations
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmacodynamic phase | drug-receptor interaction
🗑
|
||||
| Routes of drug administration | enteral, parenteral, percutaneous
🗑
|
||||
| Enteral | administration into the gastrointestinal tract
🗑
|
||||
| Enteral administrations | oral, nasogastric, rectal (have first hepatic pass); buccal, sublingual
🗑
|
||||
| Parentral | administration into sites other than gastrointestinal tract; usually via needle; has no first pass
🗑
|
||||
| Parentral administrations | IV, intrapleural, intra-arterial, intra-articular, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intraspinal, intraosseous, intrathecal, intramuscular (90 degree), subcutaneous (45 degree), intradermal (15 degrees)
🗑
|
||||
| Percutaneous | administration through the skin or mucous membranes; no hepatic first pass
🗑
|
||||
| Percutaneous administrations | transdermal, topical, intraocular, intrarespiratory, intravaginal, intrauterine, intraurethral, intranasal, otic, intravesical
🗑
|
||||
| Distribution | transport of a drug in body fluids from the bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to site of action; rate depends on permeability of capillaries, cardiac output, regional blood flow; first distribution to heart, liver, kidney, brain
🗑
|
||||
| Plasma protein binding | protein binding decreases concentration of free drug in circulation, so limits amount that travels to site of action; deems any drug as not approved by FDA
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs and adipose tissue | lipid-soluble drugs have a high affinity for adipose tissue, so women have harder time coming out from under anesthesia
🗑
|
||||
| Bones and drugs | some drugs have an unusual affinity for bones and/or teeth
🗑
|
||||
| Barriers to drug distribution | specialized structures composed of biologic membranes can serve as barriers to the passage of drugs at certain sites in the body
🗑
|
||||
| Blood-brain barrier | row of capillary endothelial cells covered by fatty sheath of glial cells joined by tight junctions; allows distribution of lipid-soluble drugs into brain, cerebrospinal fluid
🗑
|
||||
| Placental barrier | separate blood vessels of mother & fetus; does not give complete protection to fetus; nonselective passage of drugs across placenta to fetus, so drugs that produce response in mother can act on fetus; steroids, narcotics, anesthesics, antibiotics.
🗑
|
||||
| Metabolism/biotransformation | process of chemical inactivation of a drug by conversion into more water-soluble compounds or metabolites, which can then be excreted
🗑
|
||||
| Drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS) | vast majority of drugs that are metabolized in the liver by this enzyme system; key element is cytochrome p-450 system
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatic first pass effect | orally admin drugs absorbed travel first to portal system & liver before entering general circulation; some drugs significantly metabolized before ever reaches circulation, so only a small fraction of the dose is available for a pharmacologic effect
🗑
|
||||
| Excretion | drugs continue to act in the body until they are biotransformed and/or excreted; primarily by kidneys; also via biliary excretion, lungs, sweat, saliva, breast milk
🗑
|
||||
| Drug-receptor interaction | drugs are selectively active substances; have high affinity for specific chem group/cell; drug w/ best receptor fit will produce greatest response
🗑
|
||||
| Receptor | reactive cellular site with which a drug interacts to produce a pharmacologic effect
🗑
|
||||
| Affinity | propensity of a drug to bind or attach itself to a given receptor site
🗑
|
||||
| Efficacy | intrinsic activity; drug’s ability to initiate biologic activity as a result of such binding
🗑
|
||||
| Agonist | drug that combines w/ receptors & initiates a sequence of biochemical and physiologic changes; possesses both affinity and efficacy
🗑
|
||||
| Antagonist | agent designed to inhibit or counteract effects produced by other drugs or undesired effects caused by cellular components during illness.
🗑
|
||||
| Drug-enzyme interaction | interaction b/t drugs & enzymes; drugs can inhibit action of a specific enzyme and alter physiologic response; drugs can combine w/ enzymes, as well
🗑
|
||||
| Nonspecific drug interaction | drugs demonstrate no structural specificity & act by more general effects on cell membranes and cellular processes; may penetrate into cells or accumulate in cellular membranes and interfere w/ physical/chem means w/ cell function/processes
🗑
|
||||
| Drug-response relationship | after administration, each drug has own pharmacokinetic effects that can be analyzed via plasma level profile; info used to alter dose, scheduling, or rte of admin
🗑
|
||||
| Onset of action/latent period | interval b/t time a drug is administered and first sign of effect
🗑
|
||||
| Termination of action | point at which a drug effect is no longer seen
🗑
|
||||
| Duration of action | period from onset of drug action to the time when response is no longer perceptible
🗑
|
||||
| Minimal effective concentration | lowest plasma concentration that produces the desired drug effect
🗑
|
||||
| Peak plasma level | highest plasma concentration achieved from a dose
🗑
|
||||
| Toxic level | plasma concentration level at which drug produces serious adverse effects
🗑
|
||||
| Therapeutic range | range of plasma concentrations that produce desired drug effect w/out toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Drug response curve | used to evaluate concentration needed to produce a desired therapeutic effect
🗑
|
||||
| Time response curve | used to determine frequency of administration of meds to maintain effective drug response
🗑
|
||||
| Therapeutic drug range | used to determine safety and effectiveness of a drug
🗑
|
||||
| Biologic half life | time required to reduce by one half the amount of unchanged drug that is in the body at the time equilibrium is established; longer the half-life, the longer it stays in the body
🗑
|
||||
| Therapeutic index | provides measure of relative safety of drug; presents ratio between lethal does and effective dose—ld50/ed50; closer to 1, the greater the danger involved
🗑
|
||||
| Drug bioavailability | percentage of active drug substances absorbed and available to reach the target issues after drug administration
🗑
|
||||
| Side effects | usually predictable and undesirable effects produced at therapeutic drug dosages (i.e. nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness)
🗑
|
||||
| Adverse reactions | unintended, undesirable and often unpredictable effects that are sometimes immediate while at other times they may take weeks or months to develop; depend on age, body mass, gender, pathologic state, etc.
🗑
|
||||
| Unpredictable adverse reactions | allergic drug reactions; altered state of reaction to a drug, resulting from previous sensitizing exposure and development of immunologic response
🗑
|
||||
| Type I (analphylactic) | massive vasodilation in peripheral body; fatal if not recognized quickly
🗑
|
||||
| Type II (cytotoxic) | involves a drug and IgG or IgM; sometimes called autoimmune response
🗑
|
||||
| Type III (arthus) | sometimes called serum sickness; drug forms complex w/ blood antibodies resulting in angioedema, arthralgia, fever, swollen lymph nodes
🗑
|
||||
| Type IV (cell mediated/delayed hypersensitivity reaction) | sensitized T lymphocytes and macrophages; dermatitis from direct skin contact b/t drug and sensitized cells
🗑
|
||||
| Tolerance | decreased physiologic or therapeutic response to a drug after repeated drug administration; necessitates an increase in drug dosage to maintain given therapeutic effect
🗑
|
||||
| Addiction | condition of drug abuse/dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior
🗑
|
||||
| Dependence | condition of reliance on use of particular drug, characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence
🗑
|
||||
| Cumulation | condition in which the body cannot excrete one dose of a drug before the next dose is administered resulting in increasing levels of the drug in the body; toxicity can result
🗑
|
||||
| Iatrogenic | unintentional drug effect or disease induced by a physician’s prescribed therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Idiosyncratic | drug effect unique to an individual that is totally unexpected
🗑
|
||||
| Drug interactions | occurs when the effects of one drug are modified by the prior or concurrent administration of another drug; can be beneficial or detrimental.
🗑
|
||||
| Incompatibility | usually refers to physical alterations of drugs that occur before administration when different drugs are mixed in the same syringe or container (cloudy)
🗑
|
||||
| Additive | when combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects (1+1=2)
🗑
|
||||
| Summative | when combined effect of two drugs each producing the same biological response by different MOA, is equal to the sum of their individual effects
🗑
|
||||
| Synergism | when combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects (1+1=3)
🗑
|
||||
| Antagonism | when combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects (1+1=0)
🗑
|
||||
| Polypharmacy | the indiscriminate use of numerous meds concurrently
🗑
|
||||
| Contraindications | situations or conditions when a certain drug should not be administered
🗑
|
||||
| Dose | exact amount of drug that is administered in order to produce a specific effect
🗑
|
||||
| Lethal dose | dose that causes death
🗑
|
||||
| Loading dose | first dose given, higher than subsequent doses to elevate blood level rapidly to achieve therapeutic drug concentrations
🗑
|
||||
| Maintenance dose | dose required to maintain drug blood levels in therapeutic range
🗑
|
||||
| Maximum dose | largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect
🗑
|
||||
| Minimum dose | smallest amount of drug that will produce a therapeutic effect
🗑
|
||||
| Toxic dose | does that will produce harmful effects
🗑
|
||||
| Usual dose | dose that is generally appropriate for the patient
🗑
|
||||
| Absorption | entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration
🗑
|
||||
| Drug distribution | passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body
🗑
|
||||
| Enzyme induction | increase in the amount of drug-metabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs
🗑
|
||||
| ED50 | effective dose 50, or dose that will produce an effect that is half of the maximal response
🗑
|
||||
| Indication | illness disorder for which a drug has documented usefulness
🗑
|
||||
| Individual variation | difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from one person to another
🗑
|
||||
| LD50 | lethal dose 50; or dose that will kill 50 percent of animals tested
🗑
|
||||
| Mechanism of action | explanation of how a drug produces its effects
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
mbtrimm
Popular Pharmacology sets