Sections 1, 2 & 3
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| John Quincy Adams | elected president in 1824 (even though Jackson won the popular vote); was the last of the Virginia & Massachusetts dynasty; accused of winning the election through "corrupt bargain"
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| Election of 1824 | •The candidate with the most popular votes lost.
•A Northeasterner was elected president.
•Some felt a “corrupt bargain” had influenced it.
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| Jacksonian democracy | the idea of spreading political power to all the people and ensuring majority rule
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| spoils system | •The practice of rewarding political jobs to friends and political backers. First thing Jackson did as President.
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| What was special about the Cherokees compared to other tribes? | •They had developed a written language.
•Cherokees owned farms and ranches.
•The Cherokees had their own constitution.
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| Reasons the Cherokees were forced to move West | •President Jackson did not support the Cherokee Nation.
•Congress passed the Indian Removal Act.
•The Supreme Court forced them off their land.
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| Indian Removal Act | passed by Congress in 1830; called for the government to negotiate treaties that would require Native Americans to relocate west of the MIssissippi River.
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| Andrew Jackson | beat John Quincy Adams by a large margin in 1828; the people's president for two terms; after his presidency he came to symbolize American democracy and the self-made man
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| Sequoya | Cherokee Indian that developed a writing system for the Cherokee language; helped Cherokees develop their own Constitution
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| Indian Territory | What is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas & Nebraska. When whites invaded their homelands, many Native Americans signed treaties exchanging their land for land in the West. Under the treaties, they would be moved to Indian Territory.
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| Trail of Tears | Cherokees were forced to give up their homelands in Georgia and were forcibly marched to Indian Territory in mid-Winter; one-quarter died.
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| Osceola | A leader of the Seminole Indians of Florida. He led his men to defeat the U.S. army by hiding in the Everglades and using guerilla tactics. He and his men refused to leave Floria. He was tricked into peace talks, captured, and died in prison.
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| John Ross | leader of the Cherokee nation
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| Black Hawk | led a group of Sauk Indians who left Indian Territory and went back to their homeland in Illinois
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| suffrage | at this time the right to vote changes to include all white males instead of only white male property owners; leads to the birth of the Democratic Party and more participation by the common man rather than only the wealthy, educated elite
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| corrupt bargain | After losing the 1824 election against John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay sways votes to John Quincy Adams. After Adams wins, he appoints Henry Clay his Secretary of State; both J.Q. Adams and Clay are accused of making a corrupt agreement
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| common man | symbolic of Jackson and his followers who represented those with humble backgrounds
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| Kitchen Cabinet | An informal gathering of Jackson's trusted friends who became an unofficial group of advisors
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| John C. Calhoun | Congressman from South Carolina and Jackson's first vice-president; opposed the Tariff of 1828 and wrote a paper suggesting that states have the right to declare a law null and void or unconstitutional
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| Abomination | something that is hated
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| Tariff of Abominations | referred to a tariff passed by Northern congressmen even though the South opposed it; since it was adopted during John Quincy Adams' presidency, it helped Andrew Jackson win the election of 1828
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| nullification | the act of declaring a law to be without legal force or meaning; to reject a law
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| States' rights | the right of a state to declare a federal law nullified or unconstitutional. Says states have more power than the federal government
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| Doctrine of Nullification | Calhoun's endorsement of the idea that a state has the right to declare a law null and void or unconstitutional. It gives the states more power than the federal government. Jackson's response was to send troops to South Carolina.
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| Webster-Hayne Debate | Debate bet. Daniel Webster of Mass and Robert Hayne from South Carolina. Webster argued against nullification & states' rights and Hayne argued for nullification and the right of a state not to obey a federal law
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| Daniel Webster | senator from Massachusets who was a proponent of a strong national government
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| Secession | to withdraw from the Union. South Carolina threatened to withdraw if they had to pay the tariff
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| Force Bill | allowed Pres. Jackson to use federal troops to stop rebellions that might occur over states' rights
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