Anatomy Chapter One
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| What is the study of structure? | Anatomy
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| What is the study of function? | Physiology
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| What is the inter-relationship of Anatomy and Physiology? | Function is determined by the structure, or anatomy, of something.
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| What are the ten characteristics of life? | movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, and excretion
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| What is the definition of movement? | change in position or motion
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| What is the definition of responsiveness? | the ability to react to the environment
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| What is the definition of growth? | enlargement and replacement
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| What is the definition of reproduction? | producing offspring
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| What is the definition of respiration? | obtaining oxygen and removing waste gases
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| What is the definition of digestion? | the breaking down of food to release energy
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| What is the definition of absorption? | movement of materials across a membrane
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| What is the definition of circulation? | movement of material within a body
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| What is the definition of assimilation? | changing absorbed material chemically so they can be used
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| What is the definition of excretion? | removing wastes
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| What are the five requirements for life? | water, food, oxygen, heat and pressure
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| Why do we need water? | Water is required for many metabolic processes and provides the environment in which most of them take place. It also transports substances within the organism and is important in regulating body temperature.
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| Why do we need food? | Food provides the body with necessary chemicals in addition to water. Some of these chemicals are used as energy sources, others supply raw materials for building new living matter, and still others help regulate vital chemical reactions.
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| Why do we need oxygen? | It is used to release energy from food. This energy, in turn, drives metabolic processes.
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| Why do we need heat? | The amount of heat present partly determines the rate at which metabolic reactions occur. The more heat, the more rapidly chemical reactions take place.
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| Why do we need pressure? | Atmospheric pressure, the weight of the air above the body, is important in breathing; heart action also produces pressure, which forces blood through blood vessels.
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| What is homeostasis? | the maintenance of a steady internal environment
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| What are homeostatic mechanisms? | any "reactions" that maintain homeostasis
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| What are the eight levels of organization? | atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
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| What is in the axial division? | dorsal cavity and ventral cavity (head, neck, and trunk)
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| What is in the dorsal cavity? | cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
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| What is in the cranial cavity? | brain
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| What is in the vertebral cavity? | spinal cord
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| What is in the ventral cavity? | thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
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| what is in the thoracic cavity? | mediastinum and pleural cavity
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| What is in the mediastinum? | heart, trachea, esophagus and trachea
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| What is in the pleural cavity? | lungs
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| What is in the abdominopelvic cavity? | abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
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| What is in the abdominal cavity? | stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of intestine
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| What is in the pelvic cavity? | bladder, reproductive organs and part of the large intestine
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| What is in the appendicular division? | forelimbs and hindlimbs
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| What are the four miscellaneous cavities? | oral, nasal, orbital, and tympanic
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| What is the oral cavity? | mouth-teeth and tongue
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| What is the nasal cavity? | nose-sinuses
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| What is the orbital cavity? | eye sockets- eyes
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| What is the tympanic cavity? | middle ear- contains ossicles
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| What are parietal membranes? | membranes lining cavities
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| What are visceral membranes? | membranes covering organs
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| What are the pleural membranes? | associated with lungs
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| What are the pericardial membranes? | associated with the heart
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| What are the peritoneum membranes? | associated with the abdominopelvic region
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| What is the integumentary system? | body coverings; includes skin, nails, hair, and sweat and sebaceous glands
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| What organ systems are associated with support and movement and what organs do they include? | skeletal- includes bones ligaments and cartilage
muscular- includes muscles and tendons
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| What organ systems are associated with integration and coordination and what organs do they include? | nervous system- includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, and ears
endocrine system- include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus gland
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| What organ systems are associated with transportation and what organs do they include? | cardiovascular system- includes heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood
lymphatic system- includes lymph, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes
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| What organ systems are associated with absorption and excretion and what organs do they include? | digestive system- includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
Respiratory system- includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lung
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| What organs are in the reproductive system? | male- scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis and urethra
female- ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
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| Describe the anatomical position. | standing erect, with feet facing forward, arms at side and palms forward
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| Superior | above
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| Inferior | below
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| Anterior | ventral; towards front
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| Posterior | dorsal; towards back
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| Medial | middle
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| Lateral | sides
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| Proximal | closer to the point of attachment
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| Distal | farther from the point of attachment
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| Superficial | surface
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| Deep | more internal
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| Sagittal | longitudinal- divides left and right
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| Midsagittal | longitudinal and medial
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| Transverse | divides upper and lower
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| Coronal/ Frontal | divides front and back
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| Oblique | divides in a 45 degree angle
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| Abdominal | abdomen
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| Acromial | point of shoulder
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| Antebrachial | forearm
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| Antecubital | front of elbow
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| Axillary | armpit
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| Brachial | arm
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| Buccal | cheek
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| Carpal | wrist
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| Celiac | abdomen, stomach
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| Cephalic | head
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| Cervical | neck
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| Costal | ribs
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| Coxal | hip
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| Crural | front of lower leg, shin
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| Cubital | elbow
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| Digital | fingers
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| Dorsal | back
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| Femoral | thigh
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| Frontal | forehead
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| Genital | reproductive organs
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| Gluteal | buttocks
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| Inguinal | depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh; groin
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| Lumbar | region of lower back between ribs and pelvis (loin)
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| Mammary | breast
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| Mental | chin
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| Nasal | nose
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| Occipital | lower posterior rebion of head
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| Oral | mouth
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| Otic | ear
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| Palmar | palm
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| Patellar | knee
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| Pectoral | chest
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| Pedal | foot
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| Pelvic | hip bone
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| Perineal | region between anus and external reproductive organs
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| Plantar | sole of the foot
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| Popliteal | area behind knees
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| Sacral | posterior region between hip bones
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| Sternal | middle of the thorax, anteriorly
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| Tarsal | ankle, instep
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| Umbilical | navel
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| Vertebral | spinal column
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| Sural | calf
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Created by:
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