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bio- respiration from coursesaver notes

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Glucose Catabolism   oxidative breakdown of glucose; two stages are glycolysis and respiration  
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Glycolysis   breakdown of 1 glucose => 2 pyruvate in CYTOplasm  
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Glucose =>   2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H +2H20  
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Phosphofructokinase   (step 3) – rate determining step; ATP consumed  
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Step 4 of glycolysis   where fructose splits into 2 PGAL molecules  
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Fermentation   anaerobic conditions; NAD+ must be regenerated; produces only 2ATP per glucose  
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Cellular Respiration   can yield 36-38 ATP; O2 is final acceptor // PDC, CAC, ETC  
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PDC   mito MATRIX; CO2 is lost; NAD+ reduced to NADH  
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Citric Acid Cycle   Krebs cycle 2Acetyl-CoA => 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2GTP + 4H +2CoA  
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ETC   also called OXIDATIVE phosphorylation INNER mito MEMbrane; electrons transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen  
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cytochromes   are the carrier molecules with Fe in functional unit-- Eukaryotic ATP production / glucose  
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When glucose runs low, body utilizes the following in order   other carbs (glycogen in liver), fats, proteins (only when carbs and fats gone)  
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Fats   are stored in adipose tissue as triglyceride / hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids / carried by blood to tissues/ must be activated / GREATEST ATP yield / synthesized in cytosol / B-oxidation in mitochondrial matrix  
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Cori cycle   converts lactate back to glucose  
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Glyoxylate cycle   occurs in plants & bacteria.  
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Alveoli   wheregas exchange between the circulatory system and the lungs occurs  
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surfactant   reduces the surface tension  
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Inhalation   diaphragm contracts/ flattens; increase in volume / decrease in pressure in lungs  
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Air pathway   nasal cavity - trachea - bronchus - bronchiole - alveoli  
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Exhalation   passive process; decrease in volume/ increase in air pressure; diagphram expands  
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Bohr effect   hemoglobin unloads O2 under conditions of low pH (high CO2 & [H+]) *Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood  
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