bio- genetics from coursesaver notes
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| TRUE/FALSE Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs | true
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| Dihybrid Cross punnet square for TTPP and TtPp | the four on top would be (TP TP TP TP) and on the side would be (TP Tp tP tp)
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| Incomplete Dominance | progeny phenotypes that are blends of parental phenotypes. Classic example is color in snapdragons (dominant red crossed with recessive white produce PINK)
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| Codominance | multiple dominant alleles; ex BLOOD ( o = ii, A = IAIA or IAi, AB = IAIB)
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| Sex-Linked Recessive | gene carried on X chromosome; ex hemophilia & color blindness
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| epistasis | occurs when one gene masks or modifies the expression of an other gene
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| Pleiotrophy | – single gene effects several phenotypic characteristics
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| Mutations | in somatic cells => tumors, in gametes => transmitted to offspring; insertion, deletion, substitution; ex sickle-cell anemia
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| Pyrimidines | CUT the PY; 1 ring
*Because G is triple bonded to C, higher G/C content more stable
*Nucleotides are H-bonded
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| Redundancy/ Degeneracy | genetic code synonyms, multiple codons for same AA
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| nucleoside | sugar+base
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| Protein Synthesis | Replication => Transcription => Translation. DNA synthesis occurs during S-phase.
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| Ribosomes are assembled by | the nucleolus.
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| Replication of DNA | => DNA synthesized in 5’=>3’;
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| Helicase, primase | helicase unwinds double helix and an RNA polymerase called, primase begins replication
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| Transcription | DNA => RNA (nucleus), mRNA has inverted complementary code, ex 5’ TCTTT 3’ mRNA would be 3’ AGAAA 5’ **principal site of the regulation of gene expression
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| Translation | RNA => Protein (cytoplasm); mRNA translated to AA
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| exons | nucleotide base sequences that are transcribed into mRNA proteins
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| Introns | are removed during transcription; (exons = don’t exit)
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| mRNA | carries complement of DNA from nucleus to ribosomes, least abundant RNA
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| tRNA | brings AA to ribosomes during synthesis, recognizes AA and codons; in cytoplasm; smallest form of RNA
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| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; most abundant form of RNA
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| Ribosomes | two subunits; three binding sites: 1 for mRNA, 3 for tRNA
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| PCR technique | makes multiple DNA copies in vitro
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| X-Ray diffraction | most accurate way to discover molecular structures.
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| Polypeptide sequence | initiation (AUG), elongation, termination (UGA UAG UAA)
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| Gene Regulation | transcription enables prokaryotes to control metabolism
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| Inducible system | require inducer for transcription
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| RNA polymerase binds to promoter | structural genes transcribed
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| Repressor binds to operator | structural genes NOT transcribed
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| Inducer binds to repressor | no binding to operator => genes transcribed
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| Repressible system | constant state of transcription unless corepressor- repressor complex present to inhibit
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| Bacteriophage | virus that infects host bacterium; attachment/ adsorption => penetration/ eclipse=> lytic or lysogenic
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| Lytic virus | phage DNA takes control of bacterium/ makes numerous progeny; bacterial cell bursts (lyses) releasing virons; these types of bacteriophage are called virulent; ALL HOST cells destroyed = evolutionary disadvantage
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| Lysogenic virus | becomes integrated into genome in harmless way (provirus/prophage); cleverness is that every time the host reproduces itself the prophage is reproduced too
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| Techoic acids | used for recognition and binding sites by bacterial viruses that cause infections
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