Digestive System Part V: Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
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| Liver | organ lies immediately inferior to diaphragm mostly in right, superior part of abdominal cavity; has right and left lobe separated by fold of peritoneum called falciform ligament; main function is to produce bile
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| Falciform ligament | fold of peritoneum that separates liver into right and left lobes
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| Bile | produced by liver; greenish/yellowish watery liquid that helps process fats in duodenum; contains cholesterol, bile salts to emulsify fats, bile pigments (bilirubin); normal means by which cholesterol is excreted from body
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| Bile salts | part of bile that emulsifies fats; breaks down large fat droplets into small fat droplet particles providing more surface area for lipases to work on.
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| Courses through right and left hepatic ducts, to common hepatic duct, then through bile duct to empty into duodenum | course of bile through liver
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| Hepatocytes | liver cells; allows for metabolic functions
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| Metabolic functions of liver | plasma protein production (albumin, fibrinogen), picking up glucose and storing it as glycogen; makes cholesterol, LDLs, and HDLs, stores fat-soluble vitamins, detoxifies many harmful chemicals in blood (alcohol, drugs)
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| Porta hepatis | area on posteroinferior surface of liver where some important blood vessels enter liver (common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein) and bile-transporting ducts leave liver (left and right hepatic ducts
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| Liver lobules | functional units of liver; over 1 million; each consists of plates of liver cells that radiate out from a central vein; portal arteriole and a portal venule convey blood to each one
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| Liver sinusoids | large capillaries between plates of hepatocytes; receive blood from portal arteriole and portal venule; carry blood to central vein in middle of liver lobule
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| Kupffer cells (hepatic macrophages) | cells in walls of liver sinusoids that destroy bacteria and foreign debris in blood that flows past them
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| Cirrhosis | progressive inflammation of the liver that usually results from chronic alcoholism; causes liver’s connective tissue to regenerate faster than the hepatocytes, so liver becomes fibrous w/ scar tissue and fatty causing decline of functional capacity
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| Hepatitis | inflammation of liver most often due to viral infection; contracted via fecal-contaminated water or using blood-contaminated needles; infected hepatocytes cannot properly process bile pigments from hemoglobin, causing excessive buildup in liver and blood
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| Jaundice | yellow coloring of skin due to buildup of bilirubin in liver and blood
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| Gallbladder | small, muscular sac located in shallow depression on inferior surface of right lobe of liver; stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water from it
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| Cystic duct | gallbladder duct; joins common hepatic duct from liver to form the bile duct (common bile duct) which empties into duodenum
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| Cholescystokinin (CCK) | when fat-containing chyme enters duodenum, this hormone is released into the blood by enteroendocrine cells; stimulates the smooth muscle of gallbladder wall to contract, squeezing bile into the cystic duct and on into the duodenum via bile duct.
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| Gallstones | condition due to bile stored in gallbladder becoming too concentrated; crystallization of cholesterol forming stones with sharp, painful projections
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| Pancreas | lies posterior to stomach; shaped somewhat like a tadpole with head, body, tail regions; mixed gland so has endocrine & exocrine components; main enzyme producer of digestive system; enzymes break down carbs, proteins, fats/lipids
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| Acinar cells | exocrine components of pancreas; produce an extensive variety of digestive enzymes secreted into ducts for transportation
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| Pancreatic islets/islets of Langerhans | endocrine components of pancreas; clusters of hormone-secreting cells which include beta cells that secrete insulin and alpha cells that secrete glucagon which regulate blood sugar
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| Main pancreatic duct | largest duct that transports pancreatic enzymes; extends through length of the pancreas and on to duodenum; end joins end of bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla in duodenal wall and empties into duodenum at major duodenal papilla
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| Enteritis | inflammation of the intestine, especially the small intestine
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| Pyloric stenosis | congenital condition in newborns in which the pyloric sphincter of the stomach is abnormally constricted; can also occur in adults if scar tissue forms at pyloric sphincter
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