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Respiratory System

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Question
Answer
abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds   Adventitious  
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collapse of alveoli, preventing the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen   Atelectasis  
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visual examination of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi using a rigid or flexible fiber optic bronchoscope   Bronchoscopy  
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acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses, usually accompanied by edema of the mucus membranes and nasal discharge   Coryza  
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short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling sounds; most commonly heard upon inspiration   Crackles  
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slightly bluish, gray, or dark purple discoloration of the skin resulting from the presence of abnormally reduced amounts of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood   Cyanosis  
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shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing; may be caused by disturbances in the lungs, certain heart conditions, and hemoglobin deficiency   Dyspnea  
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obstruction of blood vessel by a foreign substance; blood clot, fat, or air   Embolism  
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accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space, as a result of an infection   Empyema  
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hemorrhage of the nose; nosebleed   Epistaxis  
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an increase in the severity of a disease or disorder, marked by an increase in signs and symptoms   Exacerbation  
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caused by external factors   Extrinsic  
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greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood   Hypercapnia  
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an abnormal condition of the respiratory system that occurs when the volume of air inhaled is not adequate for the metabolic needs of the body   Hypoventilation  
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an inadequate, reduced tension of cellular oxygen   Hypoxia  
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caused by internal factors   Intrinsic  
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an abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand in order to breathe comfortable or deeply   Orthopnea  
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low pitched, grating or creaking lung sounds that occur when inflamed pleural surfaces rub together during respiration   Pleural Friction Rub  
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collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity which causes the lung to collapse   Pneumothorax  
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musical, high pitched, squeaking or whistle like sound caused by rapid movement of air through narrowed bronchioles   Silibant Wheeze  
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low pitched, loud, coarse, snoring sound   Sonorous Wheeze  
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pertaining to respiratory effort that is strenuous and struggling; creates a snoring sound   Stertorous  
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an abnormal rapid rate of breathing   Tachypnea  
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surgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural space with a needle for the aspiration of fluid   Thoracentesis  
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power of microorganism to produce disease   Virulent  
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Subjective data in a nursing assessment for a respiratory disorder should include   shortness of breath, dyspnea with or without exertion, cough  
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Objective data in a nursing assessment for a respiratory disorder should include   chest movement, expansion, signs of distress, nostrils flaring, accessory muscle use, retractions, orthopnea, adventitious lung sounds  
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signs and symptoms of a respiratory disorder include   anxiety, decreased ability to concentrate, disorientation, fatique, vertigo, increased pulse  
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normal pH range on ABG   7.35 to 7.45  
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normal PaCO2 range on ABG   35 to 45  
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normal PaO2 range on ABG   80 to 100  
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normal HCO3 range on ABG   22 to 26  
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normal Sa02 range on ABG   >92%  
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surgical diagnostic procedure used when a sample of lymph tissue from the chest is needed for biopsy   mediastinoscopy  
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endoscopic visualization of the larynx only performed under local or general anesthesia   laryngoscopy  
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endoscopic visualization of the larynx, tranchea, and bronchi   bronchoscopy  
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what instructions should a patient be given before an xray?   remove jewelry, wear hospital gown  
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what instructions should a patient be given before collection of a sputum sample?   rinse mouth with water, inhale deeply three times, and cough forcefully and spit sample into sterile container  
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what is the purpose of patient education before a CT scan?   to reduce patient anxiety  
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this diagnostic lab is performed on sputum or pleural fluid to detect the presence of abnormal or malignant cells   cytology  
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this diagnostic procedure is used to determine the severity or progression of a respiratory disease   pulmonary function test  
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what kind of syringe is used to obtain an ABG sample?   heparinized  
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how large of a sample is needed for an ABG?   3 to 5 mL  
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what test should be performed before an ABG to determine ulnar circulation?   Allen’s test  
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how long should pressure be held following collection of an ABG sample?   5 minutes  
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how should an ABG sample be transported to the lab?   in ice water  
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what procedure should always be performed following a throacentesis?   Chest xray  
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risk for what condition is increased if more than 1500mL of fluid are removed during thoracentesis?   Pulmonary Edema  
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Symptoms of this chronic obstructive pulmonary disease usually appear in the late forties; etiology includes changes in the alveolar walls and capillaries leading to decreased pulmonary surface area and inflammation of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveol   emphysema  
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signs and symptoms of emphysema   exertional dyspnea, sputum, use of accessory muscles, pursed lip breathing, barrel chest, wheezing, weight loss  
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diagnostic tests for emphysema   PFT, ABG, chest xray, labs, CBC  
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medications used to treat emphysema   bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids, diuretics, oxygen therapy, anti anxiety  
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should patients with COPD be encouraged to drink more or less fluid daily and why?   more, to loosen and thin respiratory secretions  
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because of issues with exertional dyspnea, emphysema patients should rest 30 minutes before these daily activities   meals  
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patient teaching for emphysema should focus on   nutrition and smoking cessation  
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Is COPD reversible?   not usually  
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what is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?   recurrent productive cough for a minimum of three months for at least two years  
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etiology of chronic bronchitis includes…   impaired cilia, hypersecretion of mucus, susceptibility to infection, chronic infections leading to scarring and airway obstruction  
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signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis   productive cough worse in the morning, dyspnea, cyanosis, right ventricle failure, polycythemia, cyanosis, dependent edema  
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diagnostic tests for chronic bronchitis   CBC, ABG, Pulse Oximetry, PFT, Electrolytes  
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medications used to treat chronic bronchitis   bronchodilators, mucolytics, antibiotics  
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asthma caused by external factors occurring in response to allergens such as pollens, dust spores, feathers, or animal dander, food, etc.   extrinsic asthma  
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asthma stemming from internal causes that are not fully understood, often triggered by URI or emotional upsets   intrinsic asthma  
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these factors can influence recurrence of asthma attacks   mental and physical fatigue  
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this disease is characterized by increased tracheal and bronchial response to various stimuli   asthma  
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acute asthma attacks are caused by the release of ….   histamine  
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diagnostic tests for asthma   ABG, PFT, chest xray, sputum culture, CBC, theophylline level  
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medications used in the management of asthma   bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors  
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medications used for acute asthma attack   bronchodilators, corticosteroids, epinephrine, IV aminophylline, O2  
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this manifestation of asthma is fatal if not reversed   status asthmaticus  
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a gradual irreversible process of chronic dilation of the bronchi the eventually destroys the elastic and muscular properties of the lung   bronchiectasis  
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signs and symptoms of bronchiectasis   dyspnea, weight loss, fever, cyanosis, finger clubbing, coughing, foul smelling sputum  
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medical management of bronchiectasis includes   low flow O2, chest physiotherapy, hydration, mucolytics, bronchodilators, antibiotics  
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Ringing in ears   tinnitus  
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nosebleed   epistaxis  
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diagnostic tests to consider in relation to epistaxis   HGB, HCT, Coag panel, Rhinoscopy  
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treatments for epistaxis   packing with gauze saturated with epi, cautery, ice, direct pressure  
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causes of deviated septum   injuries, infections, allergies, dyspnea  
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diagnostic procedures to confirm deviated septum   xray, direct observation  
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treatment for deviated septum   surgery, meds to reduce obstruction  
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following nasal surgery what should the patient be instructed to avoid   nose blowing, coughing vigorously, valsalvas  
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common complaints associated with a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis   sneezing, pruritis, congestion, lacrimation, edema, phontophobia, blurred vision  
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exam findings associated with allergic rhinitis   edema, PND, excessive secretions  
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diagnostic procedures for allergic rhinitis   skin test, serum radioallergosorbent test  
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treatment for allergic rhinitis   antihistamines, decongestants  
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uses for antihistamines   allergies, motion sickness, insomnia, reactions, cough  
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side effects of antihistamines include   constipation, dry eyes and mouth, blurred vision, sedation  
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what are some systemic antihistamines?   azatadine, brompheniramine, diphenhydramine, fexofenadine, loratadine  
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antihistamines should be administered how long before exposure to an allergen?   45 to 60 minutes  
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what are some risks with antihistamines?   increase risk of CNS depression, increase the action of anticholinergics, MAOI’s increase action and slow metabolism of antihistamines  
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what is the mechanism of action of decongestants?   they are arteriole vasoconstrictors  
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what are decongestants used for?   to decrease production of respiratory secretions  
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what are some possible side effects of decongestants?   hypertension, dizziness, sedation, headache, tinnitus, thickened secretions, tachycardia, urinary retention  
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what are the two most common administration routes for decongestants?   nasal and oral  
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what are two nasal decongestants?   flonase, afrin  
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what are two oral decongestants?   phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine  
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what is an important point of patient education with decongestants?   don’t use more than three days  
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what are some common symptoms of laryngeal cancer?   hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, “lump in throat”  
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what are some diagnostic exams for laryngeal cancer?   visual exam, CBC, laryngoscopy, biopsy  
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what are some treatments for laryngeal cancer?   radiation, surgery  
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what is one area of ADL’s that can be severely affected by laryngeal cancer?   eating  
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what are common complaints associated with rhinitis?   cough, watery nasal drainage, sore throat  
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what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for rhinitis?   visual exam, cultures  
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what medications are commonly used to treat rhinitis?   analgesics, antipyretics, cough suppressants, antibiotics  
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what are some common complaints with pharyngitis?   sore throat, fever, chills, malaise, dry cough  
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what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for pharyngitis?   visual exam, culture  
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what medications are commonly used to treat pharyngitis?   antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics  
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what are some common complaints with adenoiditis?   sore throat, dysphagia, fever, malaise, noisy breathing  
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what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for adenoiditis?   culture, visual exam(patchy tonsilar exudates)  
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what are some common treatments for adenoiditis?   antibiotics, analgesics, surgery  
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what are some common complaints with laryngitis?   hoarseness, scratchy throat, persistant cough  
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what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for laryngitis?   visual exam, laryngoscopy  
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what are some common treatments for laryngitis?   antibiotics, palliative medications  
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what are some common complaints in sinusitis?   headache, sinus pain, tenderness, pressure, and prurulent discharge  
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what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for sinusitis?   xray, transillumination  
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what are some common treatments for sinusitis?   surgery, antibiotics, analgesics, antihistamines, vasoconstrictors, warm moist heat  
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what are some common complaints in tonsilitis?   sore throat, fever, chills, malaise, enlarged tonsils with prurulent discharge  
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what is the most important diagnostic procedure to consider in tonsillitis?   culture (especially strep)  
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what are some common treatments for tonsilitis?   surgery, antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics  
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what are some common complaints in peritonsilar abcess?   pain and difficulty swallowing, fever, malaise, ear pain, *****DIFFICULTY TALKING*****  
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what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for peritonsilar abcess   visual exam, culture  
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what are the treatments for peritonsilar abcess?   surgery, antibiotics  
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what are some common complaints with bronchitis?   productive cough, low grade fever, ****rhonchi and wheezes****, dyspnea, chest pain, headache  
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what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for bronchitis?   xray, sputum culture  
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what are the treatments for bronchitis?   bronchodilators, andtibiotics, cough suppressants, antipyretics  
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what are some common complaints in legionanaires’ disease?   high fever, headache, nonproductive cough, diarrhea, malaise  
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what are some signs and sypmtoms of advancing legionnaires’ disease?   tachypnea, crackles and wheezing, shock, hematuria and renal failure  
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what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for legionnaires’ disease?   cultures, xray  
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what are the treatments for legionairres’ disease?   antibiotics, rifampin, anatipyretics, vasopressors and inotropes  
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what type of environment does legionnaires’ usually live in?   moist (air conditioners, hot tubs, steam rooms)  
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what is the most lethal type of anthrax?   inhalational  
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what are the three types of anthrax?   cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation  
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what are the treatments for anthrax?   antibiotics (ciprofloxacin); previous vaccination increases survival rate  
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through what route is tuberculosis transmitted?   inhalation  
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a positive PPD with negative chest xray indicates what?   inactive tuberculosis infection  
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what is a common factor in the conversion from inactive to active TB infection?   immunosuppression  
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what type of room should a patient with TB be in?   negative pressure  
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what are the treatments for TB?   isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, rifapentine  
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what is an important point of patient education for rifambin?   turns body fluids red  
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what common substance has a known drug interaction with isoniazid?   alcohol  
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what are some common causes of pneumonia?   bacteria, aspiration, viral, fungal chemical  
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what are diagnostic tests appropriate for pneumonia?   cultures, xray, cbc, pft, abg  
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what are some treatments for pneumonia?   antibiotics, O2, analgesics, antipyretics, expectorants, bronchodilators, physiotherapy, humidification  
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what are some factors that make older adults more susceptible to pneumonia?   drier mucous membranes, kyphosis, muscle weakness, reduced airway elasticity, inactivity, immobility  
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what is the action of an antitussive?   suppresses cough reflex  
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what is the action of an expectorant?   reduces viscosity of respiratory secretions  
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inflammation of visceral and parietal pleura   pleurisy  
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what are some symptoms of pleurisy?   pain on inspiration, fever, dry cough, dyspnea  
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what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for pleurisy?   xray, auscultation(pleural friction rub)  
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Empyema is another word for   pleural effusion  
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how is pleural effusion treated?   thoracentesis, chest tube  
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collapse of lung tissue   atelectasis  
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what are some causes of atelectasis?   shallow breathing, copious secretions, aspiration, hypoventilation, tumors  
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what are some diagnostic tests for atelectasis?   xray, ABG, Bronchoscopy  
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what are some treatments for atalectasis?   chest tube, deep breathing and coughing, intubation  
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edema of respiratory mucosa combined with excessive mucous production causing chronic airway obstruction   asthma  
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drugs that produce bronchodilation by mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system   adrenergics  
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what are some commonly used bronchodilators?   albuterol, salmeterol, terbutaline  
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drugs that reduce symptoms of asthma by reducing inflammation in the airways   corticosteriods  
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beclomethasone, flunilolide, and triamcinolone are all examples of   corticosteroids  
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these two antiasthmatic classes reduce the release of substances that can lead to bronchospasm   leukotriene receptor antagonists and mast cell stabilizers  
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common side effects of antiasthmatics   tremors, anxiety, throat irritation  
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when administering both a sympathomimetic and corticosteroid inhaler, what is the proper sequence?   sypathomimetic (bronchodilator) first, then wait five minutes and administer corticosteroid  
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what is the minimum waiting time between aerosol inhaler administrations?   1 minute  
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you should wait three to five minutes between administrations of these two inhaled medications   isoproternol and epinephrine  
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you should wait at least ten minutes after the administration of this inhaler before giving another   metaproternol  
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this class of antiasthmatic is commonly used as a daily therapy for long term asthma management   leukotriene antagonists  
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what are some examples of adrenergic bronchodilators?   albuterol, epinephrine, salmeterol, terbutaline  
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what time of day should once daily doses of xanthines be administered?   morning  
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air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse   pneumothorax  
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buildup of air in the pleural space, causing interference with the ability of the heart and lungs to fill   tension pneumothorax  
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signs and symptoms of pneumothorax   decreased or absent breath sounds, abnormal chest movement  
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diagnostic tests appropriate for pneumothorax   xray, abg  
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most common type of lung cancer   non  
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accumulation of serous fluid in interstitial lung tissue and alveoli   pulmonary edema  
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hallmark symptom of pulmonary edema   pink, frothy sputum  
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non cardiogenic pulmonary edema   ARDS  
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flow setting for nasal cannula in a COPD patient   2 to 3 LPM  
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