Gastrointestinal System Ch5 Terminology
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Prefixes: A- | no; not; without
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Prefixes: Dys- | bad; painful; abnormal; difficult
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Prefixes: Hyper- | excessive; above
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Prefixes: Par- | near; beside
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Prefixes: Peri- | around; surrounding
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Prefixes: Sub- | under; below
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Suffixes: -ectomy | removal; excision; resection
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Suffixes: -emesis | to vomit
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Suffixes: -pepsia | digestion
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Suffixes: -rrhea | discharge; flow
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Suffixes: -scopy | visual examination
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Suffixes: -stalsis | contraction
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Suffixes: -stomy | new opening
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Suffixes: -tresia | opening
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Combining forms: Append/o, appendic/o | appendix
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Combining forms: Cholecyst/o | gallbladder
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Combining forms: Col/o, colon/o | colon
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Combining forms: Dent/i; odont/o | teeth
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Combining forms: Enter/o | small intestines
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Combining forms: Esophag/o | esophagus
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Combining forms: Gastr/o | stomach
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Combining forms: Hepat/o | liver
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Combining forms: Or/o | oral cavity
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Combining forms: Pancreat/o | pancreas
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Combining forms: Proct/o | rectum and anus
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Combining forms: Aliment/o | nutrition
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Combining forms: Phag/o | eat or swallow
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Combining forms: Cheil/o, labi/o | lips
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Inner GI layer | tunica mucosa
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Middle GI layer | submucosa
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Outer GI layer | tunica muscularis
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Peristalsis | contractions and relaxations in the intestines in a wavelike movement to move food through the digestive tract
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Ingestion | intake of food
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Digestion | breakdown of food
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Absorption | extracting nutrients
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Elimination | excretion of waste products
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Route through Body | -Oral cavity
-Mediastinal cavity
-Abdominopelvic cavity (peritoneal cavity: stomach and intestines)
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Mastication | chewing
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Deglutition | swallowing
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Cheeks | bucc/o
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Tongue | gloss/o, lingu/o
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Palate | palat/o (roof of mouth)
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Gums | gingiv/o
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uvula | uvul/o
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salivary glands | sialaden/o
saliva (sial/o)
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Parotid | near the ear
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Sublingual | under the tongue
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Submandibular | lower jaw
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Maxilla | upper jaw
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Mandible | lower jaw
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Pharynx | (pharyng/o)
nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx (tube that connects the oral cavity with the esophagus)
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Bolus | chewed lump of food
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lower esophageal sphincter (LES)/cardiac sphincter/gastroesophageal sphincter | muscle that relaxes before food enters the stomach
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Sphincter | ringlike muscle
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Duodenum | first part (proximal) of small intestine
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Jejunum | second part of small intestine
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Ileum | third part (distal) of the small intestine
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Cecum | first part of the large intestines
-Ileocecal sphincter
-veriform appendix
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Accessory organs (Adnexa) | -Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas
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Liver functions to ... | produce bile
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Liver located ... | RUQ
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Location/lobes | lob/o
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Bile | emulsifies fats, composed of bilirubin and cholesterol
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Process of bile: | bile in liver - bile ducts - hepatic duct - joins with cystic duct from gallbladder to form the common bile duct - empties bile into the duodenum
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Gallbladder located: | RUQ
stores bile from liver
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Pancreas located: | RUQ & LUQ
exocrine function of the pancreas is key in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
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Common Bile Duct | choledoch/o
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Dyspepsia | indigestion
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Eructation | burping, belching
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Halitosis | bad smelling breath
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Pyrosis | heartburn
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Hiccup | singultus
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Flatus | expelled gas
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Hematochezia | passage of bloody stool
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Suffixes: -chezia | condition of stools
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Melena | black, tarry stools
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Esophagal atresia | esophagus ends in a blind pouch - no opening to stomach
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Hirschsprung disease | absence of normal nervous function (megacolon)
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Pyloric stenosis | muscle between stomach and small intestine narrows or fails to open
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Dental caries | cavities
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Malocclusion | poor closure
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Leukoplakia | white patches
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Pyorrhea | discharge of pus in oral cavity
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Dysphagia | difficulty swallowing
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(GERD) Gastroesophageal reflux disease | flowing back of contents of the stomach to the esophagus
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(PUD) Peptic ulcer disease | erosion of protective mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum
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Anal fissure | cracklike lesion of the skin around the anus
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Fistula | abnormal channel between organs or from an internal organ to the surface of the body
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Hemorrhoid | varicose vein in the lower rectum or anus
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Pruritus ani | chronic condition of itching of the skin surrounding the anus
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Crohn disease | inflammation of the ileum or the colon
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Intussusception | inward telescoping of the intestines
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Paralytic ileus | lack of peristaltic movement in the intestinal tract
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Volvulus | twisting of the intestines
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Jaundice | yellowing of the skin
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Hepatitis A | direct contact with fecally contaminated food or water
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Hepatitis B | through contaminated blood or sexual contact
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Hepatitis C | through blood transfusion, percutaneous inoculation, or sharing infected needles
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Cholelithiasis | gall stones
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Hiatal hernia | protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm
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Hemangioma | tumor of the blood vessels
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Leiomyoma | smooth muscle tumor
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Polyp | benign growth that may occur in the intestines
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(SCCA) squamous cell carcinoma | arises from the cells that cover the surfaces of the body
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Bile vessels | cholangi/o
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Fluoroscopy | X-ray that allows visualization of structures in real time
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Anastomoses | new connection created between two (usually hollow) structures
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Ligat/o | tying
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Lysis of adhesions | surgical destruction of adhesions
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Paracentesis | withdrawing fluid from a body cavity
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Pyloromyotomy | incision of the pyloric sphincter to correct an obstruction
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Odontectomy | removal of a tooth
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Polypectomy | removal of a polyp
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Stomatoplasty | surgical repair of the mouth
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ERCP | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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APR | anterior posterior repair
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lap. Chole | laparoscopic cholecystectomy
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Fold | plic/o
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Sweet, Sugar | glu/o
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Melan | black, dark
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Suffixes: -plakia | condition of patches
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Suffixes: -chalasia | condition of relaxation
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