| Question |
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| Answer |
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| Functions of blood |
Transport, regulation, protection |
| Transports |
Gases, nutrients to the tissues, waste products from the tissues and hormones |
| Regulates |
pH of body, amount of fluid in tissues, and body temperature |
| Protects |
Against pathogens and blood loss |
| Blood plasma |
Liquid portion of unclotted blood |
| Plasma proteins |
Proteins found in plasma including albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens |
| Albumins |
Help regulate blood pressure |
| Globulins |
Help with transport and immunity |
| Fibrinogens |
Assist in blood clotting |
| Blood serum |
Liquid portion of clotted blood, Plasma with fibrinogen and other clotting factors removed so blood clotting is minimized |
| Formed elements |
Blood cells and platelets |
| Blood is ___% plasma |
55 |
| Blood is ___% leukocytes and thrombocytes |
<1 |
| Blood is ___% erythrocytes |
45 |
| Plasma is ____% water |
90 |
| Plasma is ___% proteins |
8 |
| Plasma is ___% acids and salts |
2 |
| Red blood cells |
Biconcave, disk-shaped cells without a nuclei, constitute about 45% of whole blood, depending on gender, have a life span of about 120 days |
| Erythrocytes |
Red blood cells |
| Hemoglobin |
Oxygen carrying molecule made from iron, found in erythrocytes |
| Leukocytes |
White blood cells |
| White blood cells |
Cells responsible for the body's defenses |
| Throbocytes |
Platelets |
| Platelets |
Cell fragments without nuclei that assist in clotting, have a life span of about 9 days |
| Hemostasis |
Process of blood clotting starting with muscle contraction in response to injury, proceeds to platelet plug formation and ends with blood clot formation |
| Contraction |
Smooth muscle of the blood vessel constricts when damaged or cut |
| Platelet plug |
Platelets in the region of damage become sticky and bind together with other platelets, blood cells, and the walls of the vessel |
| Blood clot |
Prothrombin is converted into thrombin, fibronigen into fibrin and fibrin threads form the clot |
| Thrombin |
Enzyme that causes blood to clot by catalysing the conversion of the soluble protein fibrinogen to the insoluble fibrin |
| Prothrombin |
Plasma protein, one of the coagulation factors and the precursor of thrombin, prothrombin is synthesized in the liver with the help of vitamin K |
| Fibrinogen |
Substance present in blood plasma that causes blood coagulation |
| Fibrin |
White, insoluble protein formed by the chemical fibrinogen to form blood clots |
| Antigen |
Protein bound to surface of a cell, gives the cell identity |
| Antibody |
Component of immune system that attaches to a specific antigen, binds cells with other similar cells which prepares cells for phagocytosis, the body produces antibodies only for foreign antigens |
| Immunoglobulin |
Antibody |
| Opsonization |
Process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis |
| Blood transfusion |
Infusion of red blood cells into a living body, requires blood typing to match recipient with appropriate donor |
| Endocardium |
Inner layer of the heart, composed of epithelial and connective tissues |
| Myocardium |
Thick middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue that contracts regularly |
| Epicardium |
Outer covering or membrane of the heart, composed mostly of connective tissue |
| Pericardium |
Loose-fitting sac around the heart, composed of serous membranes |
| Right atrium |
Upper right chamber, receives deoxygenated blood from the body |
| Right ventricle |
Lower right chamber, pumps blood to the lungs |
| Left atrium |
Upper left chamber, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs |
| Left ventricle |
Lower left chamber, pumps blood to the body |
| Hematocrit |
Red blood cell count |
| Diapedesis |
Ability to squeeze through tiny pores in capillary walls and escape into tissues |
| Macrophage |
White blood cell, large and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an antigen-presenting cell, and an important source of immune secretions |
| Clotting factors |
Any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation |
| Hemophilia |
Inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting |
| Universal donor |
Blood type O negative |
| Universal recipient |
Blood type AB postitive |
| A positive blood |
Antigens A, Rh; antibodies B |
| B positive blood |
Antigens B, Rh; antibodies A |
| AB positive blood |
Antigens A, B, Rh; antibodies none |
| O positive blood |
Antigens Rh; antibodies A, B |
| A negative blood |
Antigens A; antibodies B, Rh |
| B negative blood |
Antigens B; antibodies A, Rh |
| AB negative blood |
Antigens A, B; antibodies Rh |
| O negative blood |
Antigens none; antibodies A, B, Rh |
| Interatrial septum |
Partition between the two atria, composed mostly of fibrous tissue |
| Interventricular septum |
Partition between the two ventricles, composed mostly of myocardium |
| Atrioventricular valves |
Valves that seperate atria and ventricles |
| Tricuspid valve |
Seperates right atrium from right ventricle |
| Bicuspid valve |
Seperates left atrium from left ventricle |
| Mitral valve |
Bicuspid valve |
| Semilunar valves |
Valves that seperate ventricles from blood vessels attatched to them |
| Pulmonary semilunar valve |
Seperates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk |
| Aortic semilunar valve |
Seperates left ventricle from aorta |
| Chordae tendineae |
Strong chords that stretch from the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valve to the heart muscle and restrict how far the valve leaflets swing when they close |
| Cardiac cycle |
Cycle involving periods of systole and diastole to fill and empty the chambers of the heart |
| Systole |
Contraction of myocardium |
| Diastole |
Relaxation of myocardium |
| Conduction pathway of the heart |
Specialized strands of cardiac muscle tissue that coordinate rhythmic contractions of the heart |
| Sinoatrial node |
Acts as the "pacemaker" of the heart, situated in the posterior wall of the right atrium |
| Atrioventricular bundle |
Short bundle of fibers at the top of the interventricular septum that relay the nervous impulse from the atrioventricular node to the left and right ventricles |
| Bundle of His |
Atrioventricular bundle |
| Bundle branches |
Two branches that extend from the atrioventricular bundle and bring impulse down the interventricular septum |
| Purkinje fibers |
Small fibers at the ends of the bundle branches that connect to and stimulate contraction of the myocardium |
| Cardiac output |
Volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute calculated by multiplying the stroke volume of the heart by the heart rate |
| Stroke volume |
Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle every time it beats |
| Heart rate |
Number of times the ventricles contract per minute |
| Coronary arteries |
Blood vessels that take blood to the heart tissue |
| Coronary veins |
Blood vessels that drain the heart tissue |
| Coronary sinus |
Collects blood from the coronary veins |
| Bradycardia |
Slow heart rate |
| Tachycardia |
Fast heart rate |
| Arteries |
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| Arterioles |
Small arteries |
| Veins |
Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart |
| Venules |
Small veins |
| Capillaries |
Small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules where exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones takes place |
| Pulmonary vessels |
All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs |
| Systemic vessels |
All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the body |
| Tunica externa |
External layer of connective tissue |
| Tunica media |
Middle layer made up of smooth muscle tissue |
| Tunica intima |
Layer of squamous epithelial tissue that lines the lumen |
| Endothelium |
Tunica intima |
| Lumen |
Cavity in the vessel through which the blood flows |
Beef Production
