Cardiovascular system
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| Functions of blood | Transport, regulation, protection
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| Transports | Gases, nutrients to the tissues, waste products from the tissues and hormones
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| Regulates | pH of body, amount of fluid in tissues, and body temperature
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| Protects | Against pathogens and blood loss
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| Blood plasma | Liquid portion of unclotted blood
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| Plasma proteins | Proteins found in plasma including albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens
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| Albumins | Help regulate blood pressure
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| Globulins | Help with transport and immunity
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| Fibrinogens | Assist in blood clotting
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| Blood serum | Liquid portion of clotted blood, Plasma with fibrinogen and other clotting factors removed so blood clotting is minimized
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| Formed elements | Blood cells and platelets
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| Blood is ___% plasma | 55
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| Blood is ___% leukocytes and thrombocytes | <1
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| Blood is ___% erythrocytes | 45
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| Plasma is ____% water | 90
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| Plasma is ___% proteins | 8
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| Plasma is ___% acids and salts | 2
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| Red blood cells | Biconcave, disk-shaped cells without a nuclei, constitute about 45% of whole blood, depending on gender, have a life span of about 120 days
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| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells
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| Hemoglobin | Oxygen carrying molecule made from iron, found in erythrocytes
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| Leukocytes | White blood cells
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| White blood cells | Cells responsible for the body's defenses
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| Throbocytes | Platelets
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| Platelets | Cell fragments without nuclei that assist in clotting, have a life span of about 9 days
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| Hemostasis | Process of blood clotting starting with muscle contraction in response to injury, proceeds to platelet plug formation and ends with blood clot formation
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| Contraction | Smooth muscle of the blood vessel constricts when damaged or cut
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| Platelet plug | Platelets in the region of damage become sticky and bind together with other platelets, blood cells, and the walls of the vessel
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| Blood clot | Prothrombin is converted into thrombin, fibronigen into fibrin and fibrin threads form the clot
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| Thrombin | Enzyme that causes blood to clot by catalysing the conversion of the soluble protein fibrinogen to the insoluble fibrin
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| Prothrombin | Plasma protein, one of the coagulation factors and the precursor of thrombin, prothrombin is synthesized in the liver with the help of vitamin K
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| Fibrinogen | Substance present in blood plasma that causes blood coagulation
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| Fibrin | White, insoluble protein formed by the chemical fibrinogen to form blood clots
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| Antigen | Protein bound to surface of a cell, gives the cell identity
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| Antibody | Component of immune system that attaches to a specific antigen, binds cells with other similar cells which prepares cells for phagocytosis, the body produces antibodies only for foreign antigens
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| Immunoglobulin | Antibody
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| Opsonization | Process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis
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| Blood transfusion | Infusion of red blood cells into a living body, requires blood typing to match recipient with appropriate donor
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| Endocardium | Inner layer of the heart, composed of epithelial and connective tissues
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| Myocardium | Thick middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue that contracts regularly
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| Epicardium | Outer covering or membrane of the heart, composed mostly of connective tissue
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| Pericardium | Loose-fitting sac around the heart, composed of serous membranes
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| Right atrium | Upper right chamber, receives deoxygenated blood from the body
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| Right ventricle | Lower right chamber, pumps blood to the lungs
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| Left atrium | Upper left chamber, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
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| Left ventricle | Lower left chamber, pumps blood to the body
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| Hematocrit | Red blood cell count
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| Diapedesis | Ability to squeeze through tiny pores in capillary walls and escape into tissues
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| Macrophage | White blood cell, large and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an antigen-presenting cell, and an important source of immune secretions
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| Clotting factors | Any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
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| Hemophilia | Inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting
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| Universal donor | Blood type O negative
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| Universal recipient | Blood type AB postitive
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| A positive blood | Antigens A, Rh; antibodies B
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| B positive blood | Antigens B, Rh; antibodies A
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| AB positive blood | Antigens A, B, Rh; antibodies none
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| O positive blood | Antigens Rh; antibodies A, B
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| A negative blood | Antigens A; antibodies B, Rh
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| B negative blood | Antigens B; antibodies A, Rh
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| AB negative blood | Antigens A, B; antibodies Rh
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| O negative blood | Antigens none; antibodies A, B, Rh
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| Interatrial septum | Partition between the two atria, composed mostly of fibrous tissue
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| Interventricular septum | Partition between the two ventricles, composed mostly of myocardium
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| Atrioventricular valves | Valves that seperate atria and ventricles
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| Tricuspid valve | Seperates right atrium from right ventricle
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| Bicuspid valve | Seperates left atrium from left ventricle
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| Mitral valve | Bicuspid valve
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| Semilunar valves | Valves that seperate ventricles from blood vessels attatched to them
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| Pulmonary semilunar valve | Seperates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk
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| Aortic semilunar valve | Seperates left ventricle from aorta
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| Chordae tendineae | Strong chords that stretch from the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valve to the heart muscle and restrict how far the valve leaflets swing when they close
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| Cardiac cycle | Cycle involving periods of systole and diastole to fill and empty the chambers of the heart
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| Systole | Contraction of myocardium
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| Diastole | Relaxation of myocardium
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| Conduction pathway of the heart | Specialized strands of cardiac muscle tissue that coordinate rhythmic contractions of the heart
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| Sinoatrial node | Acts as the "pacemaker" of the heart, situated in the posterior wall of the right atrium
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| Atrioventricular bundle | Short bundle of fibers at the top of the interventricular septum that relay the nervous impulse from the atrioventricular node to the left and right ventricles
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| Bundle of His | Atrioventricular bundle
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| Bundle branches | Two branches that extend from the atrioventricular bundle and bring impulse down the interventricular septum
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| Purkinje fibers | Small fibers at the ends of the bundle branches that connect to and stimulate contraction of the myocardium
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| Cardiac output | Volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute calculated by multiplying the stroke volume of the heart by the heart rate
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| Stroke volume | Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle every time it beats
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| Heart rate | Number of times the ventricles contract per minute
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| Coronary arteries | Blood vessels that take blood to the heart tissue
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| Coronary veins | Blood vessels that drain the heart tissue
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| Coronary sinus | Collects blood from the coronary veins
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| Bradycardia | Slow heart rate
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| Tachycardia | Fast heart rate
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| Arteries | Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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| Arterioles | Small arteries
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| Veins | Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
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| Venules | Small veins
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| Capillaries | Small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules where exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones takes place
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| Pulmonary vessels | All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
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| Systemic vessels | All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the body
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| Tunica externa | External layer of connective tissue
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| Tunica media | Middle layer made up of smooth muscle tissue
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| Tunica intima | Layer of squamous epithelial tissue that lines the lumen
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| Endothelium | Tunica intima
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| Lumen | Cavity in the vessel through which the blood flows
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