Government in America
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| Block Grants | Broad program grants given more or less automatically to states and communities which exercise discretion in how the money is spent
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| Categorical Grants | Grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending
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| Cooperative Federalism | Where state and the national government responsibilities are mingled and blurred like a marble cake, powers and policies are shared
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| Dual Federalism | Where states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres of power, much like a layer cake
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| Elastic Clause | The statement in the Constitution which says that Congress has the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its duties
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| Enumerated Powers | Powers of Congress found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution
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| Extradition | The Constitution requires each state to return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment
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| Federalism | A system of shared power between two or more levels of government
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| Fiscal Federalism | The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system
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| Formula Grants | A type of categorical grant where states and local governments do not apply for a grant but are given funds on the basis of a formula
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| Full Faith and Credit | Article IV of the Constitution requires states to provide reciprocity toward other states’ public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings
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| Gibbons v. Ogden | The 1824 Supreme Court case which further expanded Congress’ power to regulate interstate and international commerce by defining commerce very broadly to incorporate every form of commercial activity
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| Implied Powers | Powers beyond Congress’ enumerated powers which ensure that it can carry out its duties
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| Intergovernmental relations | Used to describe the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments
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| McCulloch v. Maryland | The 1819 Supreme Court case which established the supremacy of the national government over the states included both enumerated and implied powers of Congress
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| Privileges and immunities | The Constitution prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states
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| Project Grants | Categorical grants awarded on the basis of competitive applications
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| Supremacy Clause | Article VI of the Constitution states that the supreme law of the land is the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and treaties
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| Tenth Amendment | Specifies that powers not delegated to the national government are reserved for the state government or the people
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| Unitary Government | A system where all power resides in the central government
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| Devolution | Transferring responsibilities for policies from the federal government to state and local governments
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| Commerce Clause | This clause has enabled Congress not only to regulate the act of commerce itself, but everything connected to it. Some examples include: Regulate working hours Outlaw child labor,Mandate product safety laws
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