PSY-101 Test #4 Key Terms
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| Attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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| Critical period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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| Imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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| Basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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| Self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”
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| Adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
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| Identity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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| Social identity | the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships
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| Intimacy | in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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| Cross-sectional study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
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| Longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied an retested over a long period of time
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| Crystallized intelligence | our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
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| Fluid intelligence | our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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| Social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
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| Social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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| Attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
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| Fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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| Attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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| Central route to persuasion | occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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| Peripheral route to persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness
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| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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| Role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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| Cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
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| Normative social influence | influences resulting form a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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| Informational social influence | influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
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| Social facilitation | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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| Social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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| Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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| Group polarization | the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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| Groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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| Prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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| Stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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| Discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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| Ingroup | “us” – people with whom we share a common identity
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| Outgroup | “them” – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
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| Altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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| Bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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| Social exchange theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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| Reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
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| Social-responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
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| Psychological disorder | deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
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| Attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) | a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms
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| Medical model | the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
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| DSM-IV-TR | the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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| Mood disorders | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
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| Major depressive disorder | a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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