68WM6-A&P 6
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| which kidney is located lower in the back? | right | ||||
| outer layer of kidney substance | cortex | ||||
| inner portion of kidney | medulla | ||||
| triangular divisions of medulla | pyramids | ||||
| narrow, innermost end of renal pyramid | papilla | ||||
| expansion of upper end of ureter which lies inside the kidney | renal pelvis | ||||
| divisions of the renal pelvis | calyces | ||||
| the microscopic units of the kidneys | nephrons | ||||
| the two main divisions of a nephron | renal corpuscle, renal tubule | ||||
| the two parts of the renal corpuscle | bowman's capsule, glomerulus | ||||
| the cup shaped top of the renal corpuscle | bowman's capsule | ||||
| the network of blood capillaries surrounded by bowman's capsule | glomerulus | ||||
| the first segment of the renal tubule | proximal convoluted tubule | ||||
| and extension of the proximal tubule, consisting of descending limb, loop, and ascending limb | loop of henle | ||||
| the extension of the ascending limb of the loop of henle | distal convoluted tubule | ||||
| straight extension of the distal convoluted tubule | collecting tubule | ||||
| this hormone secreted by the kidney helps regulate blood pressure | renin | ||||
| the hormone produced in this part of the kidney stimulates RBC production and maturation | juxtaglomerular apparatus | ||||
| 5 functions of the kidney | excrete toxins and nitrogenous wastes; regulate chemical levels; maintain water balance; regulate blood pressure; stimulate RBC production and maturation | ||||
| three processes of urine formation | filtration, reabsorption, secretion | ||||
| this process of urine formation takes place in the renal corpuscles; glomerular blood pressure forces water and dissolved substances out of the glomeruli into bowman's capsule | filtration | ||||
| this process of urine formation involves the muovement of substances out of renal tubules into blood | reabsorption | ||||
| this process of urine formation involves the movement of substances into urine in the distal and collecting tubules | secretion | ||||
| this hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary regulates urinary volume output | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | ||||
| narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end located inside the kidney and lined with mucous membrane | ureters | ||||
| these structures drain urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder | ureters | ||||
| the folds of the mucous membrane in the bladder | rugae | ||||
| narrow tube from the urinary bladder to the exterior | urethra | ||||
| extra function of the urethra in males only | passage of reproductive fluid | ||||
| another word for urionation or voiding | micturition | ||||
| the internal urinary sphincter is under ___________ control, and the external urinary sphincter is under _________ control | involuntary; voluntary | ||||
| a condition is which urine is produced but not voided | urinary retention | ||||
| a condition in which the bladder is normal but no urine is produced | urinary supression | ||||
| a condition in which urine is voided involuntarily | incontinence | ||||
| bladder infection | cystitis | ||||
| need for frequent urination, also called interstitial cystitis | overactive bladder | ||||
| mineralocorticoid that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium, and therefore, water | aldosterone | ||||
| absence of urine | anuria | ||||
| use of ultrasound waves to break up kidney stones without making an incision | lithotripsy | ||||
| kidney disease | nephropathy | ||||
| scanty amounts of urine | oliguria | ||||
| kidney stones | renal calculi | ||||
| pain caused by passage of a kidney stone | renal colic | ||||
| the amount of a substance (such as glucose) that exceeds the amount that the kidneys are able to absorb, causing it to "leak" into the urine | renal threshold | ||||
| smooth triangular area on the wall of the urinary bladder | trigone | ||||
| high levels of nitrogen-containing waste products in the blood | uremia or uremic poisoning | ||||
| essential reproduction organs of the male reproductive system | testes | ||||
| accessory organs of the male reproductive system | ducts, sex glands, external genitals | ||||
| these accessory organs of the male reproductive system are passageways that carry sperm from the testes to the exterior | ducts | ||||
| these accessory organs of the male reproductive system produce protective and nutrient solutions for sperm | sex glands | ||||
| the process of sperm production | spermatogenesis | ||||
| this hormone produced by the testes masculinizes and promotes the development of male accessory organs | testosterone | ||||
| single coiled tube about 6m in length that lies along the top and behind the testis in the scrotum | epididymus | ||||
| receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from the scrotal sac through the abdominal cavity | ductus (vas) deferens | ||||
| mixture of sperm and accessory sex glands | semen | ||||
| this accessory organ of the male reproductive system is shaped like a doghnut and is located below the bladder | prostate | ||||
| these accessory organs of the male reproductive system are pea shaped glands that secrete mucous | bulbourethral (cowper's) glands | ||||
| surgical removal of foreskin | circumcision | ||||
| two dorsal columns of erectile tissue | corpora cavernosa | ||||
| the ventral column of erectile tissue surrounding the urethra | corpus spongiosum | ||||
| essential organs of the female reproductive system | ovaries (gonads) | ||||
| accessory organs of the female reproductive system | ducts, sex glands, external genitals | ||||
| this hormone produced by the ovaries causes develpment and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics | estrogen | ||||
| approximately how many ovarian follicles does a female have at birth? | 1 million | ||||
| approximately how many primary ovarian follicles does a female have at puberty? | 400,000 | ||||
| this structure forms from the follicle after ovulation | corpus luteum | ||||
| the meiotic cell division that produces daughter cells with equal chromosome numbers but unequal cytoplasm | oogenesis | ||||
| the cells of the ovaries that produce estrogen | granulosa ceels | ||||
| the structure that produces progesterone following ovulation | corpus luteum | ||||
| the muscle layer of the uterus | myometrium | ||||
| the layer of the uterus lost in menstruation | endometrium | ||||
| end of repetetive menstrual cycles which occurs at approximately 45-50 years of age | menopause | ||||
| glands of the vagina that secrete lubricating fluid | bartholin's glands | ||||
| components of the vulva | mons pubis, clitoris, orifice of urethra, bartholin's gland, vagina, labia minora, labia majora, and hymen | ||||
| area between the vaginal opening and anus | perineum | ||||
| surgical cut to perineum during childbirth | episiotomy | ||||
| length of average menstrual cycle | 28 days | ||||
| the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the endomentrium is shed | menses | ||||
| the phase of the menstrual cycle between menses and secretory phase | proliferative phase | ||||
| the phase of the menstrual cycle between ovulation and the beginning of the next menses | secretory phase | ||||
| specialized structure on the sperm containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum to allow entry | acrosome | ||||
| absence of normal menstruation | amenorrhea | ||||
| cavity | antrum | ||||
| the pigmented ring around the nipple | areola | ||||
| noncancerous enlargement of the prostate | benign prostatic hypertrophy | ||||
| surgical removal of the foreskin | circumcision | ||||
| erectile tissue located in the vestibule of the vagina | clitoris | ||||
| two columns of erectile tissue found in the shaft of the penis | corpora cavernosa | ||||
| the column of erictile tissue surrounding the urethra | corpus spongiosum | ||||
| undescended testicles | cryptorchidism | ||||
| tube that allows sperm to exit from the epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac into the abdominal cavity | vas deferens | ||||
| a pregnancy outside the uterus | ectopic pregnancy | ||||
| sudden discharge of semen from the body | ejaculation | ||||
| tightly coiled tube that lies along the top and behind the testes where sperm mature | epididymis | ||||
| fringe; fingerlike projections on the fallopian tubes | fimbriae | ||||
| sex cell; sperm or ova | gamete | ||||
| a mature ovum in its sac | graafian follicle | ||||
| surgical removal of the uterus | hysterectomy | ||||
| duct that drains milk secreting glands of the breast | lactiferous duct | ||||
| the first menstrual cycle | menarche | ||||
| immature stage of the femal sex cell | oocyte | ||||
| production of female gametes | oogenesis | ||||
| surgical removal of the ovaries | oophorectomy | ||||
| release of an egg from the ovary | ovulation | ||||
| inflammatory disease of the female reproductive tract | pelvic inflammatory disease | ||||
| area between the vulva and the anus | perineum | ||||
| another name for the foreskin | prepuce | ||||
| surgical removal of all or part of the prostate | prostatectomy | ||||
| prostate enlargement | prostatic hypertrophy | ||||
| inflammation of the prostate | prostatitis | ||||
| the resulting daugher cells from the primary spermatocyte undergoing meiosis | spermatid | ||||
| precursors to sperm cells | spermatogonia | ||||
| sperm cells | spermatozoa | ||||
| tough, whitish membrane that surrounds each testis and divides the testis into lobules | tunica albuginea | ||||
| fertilized ovum | zygote | ||||
| the cells in the testes that secrete testosterone | interstitial cells | ||||
| this gland secretes a thin, milky fluid that makes up about 30% of the seminal fluid | prostate gland | ||||
| pair of gland that produce a thick, yellowish, fructose rich fluid that makes up about 60% of the seminal fluid | seminal vesicles | ||||
| the most abundant body compound | water | ||||
| water is ______ percent of body weight in males, _____ percent in females | 60, 50 | ||||
| average volume in liters of water in a 70kg male | 40 | ||||
| two major body fluid compartments | intracellular, extracellular | ||||
| three types of extracellular fluid | interstitial, intravascular, transcellular | ||||
| this type of extracellular fluid is found between cells | interstitial | ||||
| this type of extracellular fluid is found in the vascular spaces (also called plasma) | intravascular | ||||
| this type of fluid is found in a special compartment (lymph, CSF, eye humors) | transcellular | ||||
| organic substances that do not break up or dissociate when placed in water solution | nonelectrolytes | ||||
| compounds that break up or dissociate in water solution into ions | electrolytes | ||||
| the dissociated particles of an electrolyte that carry an electrical charge | ions | ||||
| most abundant and important extracellular cation | sodium | ||||
| fluid output exceeds fluid intake | dehydration | ||||
| fluid intake exeeds fluid output | overhydration | ||||
| positively charged ion | cation | ||||
| negatively charged ion | anion | ||||
| buildup of extracellular fluid in interstitial spaces | edema | ||||
| process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to low concentration | diffusion | ||||
| pressure exerted by fluids | hydrostatic pressure | ||||
| solution with a higher level of salt than is found in a living RBC | hypertonic | ||||
| solution with a lower level of salt than is found in a living RBC | hypotonic | ||||
| circulatory failure caused by a drop in blood volume that causes blood pressure to drop | hypovolemic shock | ||||
| a solution that has the same salt concentration as the normal cell of the body and the blood | isotonic | ||||
| movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis | ||||
| primary regulator of water intake | thirst | ||||
| most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid | potassium | ||||
| most abundant ion in the body; found mostly in bones and teeth | calcium | ||||
| main extracellular anion | chloride | ||||
| extracellular anion that is important in the acid/base regulation of the body | bicarbonate | ||||
| lower than normal blood sodium | hyponatremia | ||||
| higher than normal blood sodium | hypernatremia | ||||
| lower than normal blood potassium | hypokalemia | ||||
| higher than normal blood potassium | hyperkalemia |
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Created by:
ewoff85
on 2011-04-26