68WM6-A&P 6
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| which kidney is located lower in the back? | right
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| outer layer of kidney substance | cortex
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| inner portion of kidney | medulla
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| triangular divisions of medulla | pyramids
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| narrow, innermost end of renal pyramid | papilla
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| expansion of upper end of ureter which lies inside the kidney | renal pelvis
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| divisions of the renal pelvis | calyces
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| the microscopic units of the kidneys | nephrons
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| the two main divisions of a nephron | renal corpuscle, renal tubule
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| the two parts of the renal corpuscle | bowman's capsule, glomerulus
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| the cup shaped top of the renal corpuscle | bowman's capsule
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| the network of blood capillaries surrounded by bowman's capsule | glomerulus
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| the first segment of the renal tubule | proximal convoluted tubule
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| and extension of the proximal tubule, consisting of descending limb, loop, and ascending limb | loop of henle
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| the extension of the ascending limb of the loop of henle | distal convoluted tubule
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| straight extension of the distal convoluted tubule | collecting tubule
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| this hormone secreted by the kidney helps regulate blood pressure | renin
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| the hormone produced in this part of the kidney stimulates RBC production and maturation | juxtaglomerular apparatus
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| 5 functions of the kidney | excrete toxins and nitrogenous wastes; regulate chemical levels; maintain water balance; regulate blood pressure; stimulate RBC production and maturation
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| three processes of urine formation | filtration, reabsorption, secretion
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| this process of urine formation takes place in the renal corpuscles; glomerular blood pressure forces water and dissolved substances out of the glomeruli into bowman's capsule | filtration
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| this process of urine formation involves the muovement of substances out of renal tubules into blood | reabsorption
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| this process of urine formation involves the movement of substances into urine in the distal and collecting tubules | secretion
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| this hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary regulates urinary volume output | antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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| narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end located inside the kidney and lined with mucous membrane | ureters
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| these structures drain urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder | ureters
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| the folds of the mucous membrane in the bladder | rugae
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| narrow tube from the urinary bladder to the exterior | urethra
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| extra function of the urethra in males only | passage of reproductive fluid
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| another word for urionation or voiding | micturition
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| the internal urinary sphincter is under ___________ control, and the external urinary sphincter is under _________ control | involuntary; voluntary
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| a condition is which urine is produced but not voided | urinary retention
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| a condition in which the bladder is normal but no urine is produced | urinary supression
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| a condition in which urine is voided involuntarily | incontinence
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| bladder infection | cystitis
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| need for frequent urination, also called interstitial cystitis | overactive bladder
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| mineralocorticoid that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium, and therefore, water | aldosterone
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| absence of urine | anuria
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| use of ultrasound waves to break up kidney stones without making an incision | lithotripsy
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| kidney disease | nephropathy
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| scanty amounts of urine | oliguria
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| kidney stones | renal calculi
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| pain caused by passage of a kidney stone | renal colic
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| the amount of a substance (such as glucose) that exceeds the amount that the kidneys are able to absorb, causing it to "leak" into the urine | renal threshold
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| smooth triangular area on the wall of the urinary bladder | trigone
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| high levels of nitrogen-containing waste products in the blood | uremia or uremic poisoning
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| essential reproduction organs of the male reproductive system | testes
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| accessory organs of the male reproductive system | ducts, sex glands, external genitals
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| these accessory organs of the male reproductive system are passageways that carry sperm from the testes to the exterior | ducts
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| these accessory organs of the male reproductive system produce protective and nutrient solutions for sperm | sex glands
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| the process of sperm production | spermatogenesis
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| this hormone produced by the testes masculinizes and promotes the development of male accessory organs | testosterone
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| single coiled tube about 6m in length that lies along the top and behind the testis in the scrotum | epididymus
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| receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from the scrotal sac through the abdominal cavity | ductus (vas) deferens
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| mixture of sperm and accessory sex glands | semen
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| this accessory organ of the male reproductive system is shaped like a doghnut and is located below the bladder | prostate
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| these accessory organs of the male reproductive system are pea shaped glands that secrete mucous | bulbourethral (cowper's) glands
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| surgical removal of foreskin | circumcision
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| two dorsal columns of erectile tissue | corpora cavernosa
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| the ventral column of erectile tissue surrounding the urethra | corpus spongiosum
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| essential organs of the female reproductive system | ovaries (gonads)
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| accessory organs of the female reproductive system | ducts, sex glands, external genitals
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| this hormone produced by the ovaries causes develpment and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics | estrogen
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| approximately how many ovarian follicles does a female have at birth? | 1 million
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| approximately how many primary ovarian follicles does a female have at puberty? | 400,000
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| this structure forms from the follicle after ovulation | corpus luteum
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| the meiotic cell division that produces daughter cells with equal chromosome numbers but unequal cytoplasm | oogenesis
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| the cells of the ovaries that produce estrogen | granulosa ceels
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| the structure that produces progesterone following ovulation | corpus luteum
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| the muscle layer of the uterus | myometrium
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| the layer of the uterus lost in menstruation | endometrium
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| end of repetetive menstrual cycles which occurs at approximately 45-50 years of age | menopause
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| glands of the vagina that secrete lubricating fluid | bartholin's glands
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| components of the vulva | mons pubis, clitoris, orifice of urethra, bartholin's gland, vagina, labia minora, labia majora, and hymen
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| area between the vaginal opening and anus | perineum
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| surgical cut to perineum during childbirth | episiotomy
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| length of average menstrual cycle | 28 days
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| the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the endomentrium is shed | menses
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| the phase of the menstrual cycle between menses and secretory phase | proliferative phase
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| the phase of the menstrual cycle between ovulation and the beginning of the next menses | secretory phase
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| specialized structure on the sperm containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum to allow entry | acrosome
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| absence of normal menstruation | amenorrhea
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| cavity | antrum
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| the pigmented ring around the nipple | areola
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| noncancerous enlargement of the prostate | benign prostatic hypertrophy
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| surgical removal of the foreskin | circumcision
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| erectile tissue located in the vestibule of the vagina | clitoris
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| two columns of erectile tissue found in the shaft of the penis | corpora cavernosa
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| the column of erictile tissue surrounding the urethra | corpus spongiosum
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| undescended testicles | cryptorchidism
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| tube that allows sperm to exit from the epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac into the abdominal cavity | vas deferens
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| a pregnancy outside the uterus | ectopic pregnancy
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| sudden discharge of semen from the body | ejaculation
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| tightly coiled tube that lies along the top and behind the testes where sperm mature | epididymis
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| fringe; fingerlike projections on the fallopian tubes | fimbriae
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| sex cell; sperm or ova | gamete
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| a mature ovum in its sac | graafian follicle
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| surgical removal of the uterus | hysterectomy
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| duct that drains milk secreting glands of the breast | lactiferous duct
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| the first menstrual cycle | menarche
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| immature stage of the femal sex cell | oocyte
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| production of female gametes | oogenesis
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| surgical removal of the ovaries | oophorectomy
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| release of an egg from the ovary | ovulation
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| inflammatory disease of the female reproductive tract | pelvic inflammatory disease
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| area between the vulva and the anus | perineum
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| another name for the foreskin | prepuce
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| surgical removal of all or part of the prostate | prostatectomy
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| prostate enlargement | prostatic hypertrophy
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| inflammation of the prostate | prostatitis
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| the resulting daugher cells from the primary spermatocyte undergoing meiosis | spermatid
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| precursors to sperm cells | spermatogonia
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| sperm cells | spermatozoa
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| tough, whitish membrane that surrounds each testis and divides the testis into lobules | tunica albuginea
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| fertilized ovum | zygote
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| the cells in the testes that secrete testosterone | interstitial cells
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| this gland secretes a thin, milky fluid that makes up about 30% of the seminal fluid | prostate gland
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| pair of gland that produce a thick, yellowish, fructose rich fluid that makes up about 60% of the seminal fluid | seminal vesicles
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| the most abundant body compound | water
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| water is ______ percent of body weight in males, _____ percent in females | 60, 50
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| average volume in liters of water in a 70kg male | 40
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| two major body fluid compartments | intracellular, extracellular
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| three types of extracellular fluid | interstitial, intravascular, transcellular
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| this type of extracellular fluid is found between cells | interstitial
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| this type of extracellular fluid is found in the vascular spaces (also called plasma) | intravascular
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| this type of fluid is found in a special compartment (lymph, CSF, eye humors) | transcellular
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| organic substances that do not break up or dissociate when placed in water solution | nonelectrolytes
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| compounds that break up or dissociate in water solution into ions | electrolytes
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| the dissociated particles of an electrolyte that carry an electrical charge | ions
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| most abundant and important extracellular cation | sodium
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| fluid output exceeds fluid intake | dehydration
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| fluid intake exeeds fluid output | overhydration
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| positively charged ion | cation
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| negatively charged ion | anion
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| buildup of extracellular fluid in interstitial spaces | edema
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| process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to low concentration | diffusion
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| pressure exerted by fluids | hydrostatic pressure
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| solution with a higher level of salt than is found in a living RBC | hypertonic
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| solution with a lower level of salt than is found in a living RBC | hypotonic
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| circulatory failure caused by a drop in blood volume that causes blood pressure to drop | hypovolemic shock
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| a solution that has the same salt concentration as the normal cell of the body and the blood | isotonic
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| movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis
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| primary regulator of water intake | thirst
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| most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid | potassium
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| most abundant ion in the body; found mostly in bones and teeth | calcium
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| main extracellular anion | chloride
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| extracellular anion that is important in the acid/base regulation of the body | bicarbonate
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| lower than normal blood sodium | hyponatremia
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| higher than normal blood sodium | hypernatremia
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| lower than normal blood potassium | hypokalemia
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| higher than normal blood potassium | hyperkalemia
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