68WM6-A&P 2
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| Movement of a body part away from the midline | abduction
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| movement of a body part toward the midline | adduction
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| a thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis | articular cartilage
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| movement of the distal end of a bone in a circle | circumduction
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| the outer layer of bone that is hard and dense | compact bone
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| an oval projection of a bone that fits into an elliptical socket | condyle
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| a sharp edge (of a bone) | crest
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| a hollow tube made of hard, compact bone | diaphysis or shaft
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| a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity | endosteum
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| cartilage between the epiphyses and the diaphysis | epiphyseal plate
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| the ends of a bone | epiphyses
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| movement that increases the angle between two connected bones (straightening a bent elbow, for example) | extension
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| movement that decreases the angle between two connected bones (bending the elbow, for example) | flexion
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| area where ossification is incomplete | fontanel or "soft spot"
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| the process of blood cell formation | hematopoiesis
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| the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone containing hellow bone marrow | medullary cavity
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| a large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus | olecranon fossa
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| bone reabsorbing cells | osteoclasts
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| living bone cells | osteocytes
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| a bone-forming cell | osteoblast
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| strong, fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces | periosteum
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| soft connective tissue inside the hard walls of some bones | red bone marrow
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| movement that spins one bone relative to another (rotating the head at the neck joint, for example) | rotation
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| spaces or cavities withing some of the cranial bones | sinuses
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| the porous bone in the end of a long bone | spongy bone
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| an immovable joint | suture
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| the purpose of the skeletal system | provides a rigid framework and support structure for the whole body
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| the functions of the skeletal system | support, protection, movement, storage, hematopoiesis
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| the four categories of bone | long, short, flat, irregular
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| the humerus and femur are examples of what type of bone | long bone
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| the carpals and tarsals are examples of what type of bone | short bone
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| the scapula is and example of what type of bone | flat bone
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| the pelvis is an example of what type of bone | irregular bone
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| bones that develop from layers of connective tissues (all flat bones and the clavicles develop in this manner) | intramembranous bones
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| bones that develop as cartilage which is later replace by bone (all bones other than flat bones and the clavicles devolop in this way) | endochondral bones
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| the division os the skeleton containing the head, neck, and trunk | axial
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| the division of the skeleton containing the upper and lower limbs | appendicular
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| joint composed of a thin layer of dense connective tissue, also called immovable or synarthroses | fibrous joint
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| joint connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, also called slightly movable or amphiarthroses | cartilaginous joint
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| most common type of joint, also called freely movable or diarthroses | synovial joint
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| moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand, for example) | circumduction
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| lowering a part (drooping the shoulders, for example) | depression
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| raising a part (shrugging thou shoulders, for example) | elevation
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| turning the foot so the sole is outward | eversion
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| turning the foot so the sole is inward | inversion
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| extending the foot at the ankle (bending the foot downward) | plantar flexion
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| moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward, for example) | protraction
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| moving a part backward (pulling the chin backward, for example) | retraction
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| moving a part around an axis (twisting the head side to side, for example) | rotation
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| relationship of various body parts to one another | alignment
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| area on which an object rests; stance with feet slightly apart | base of support
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| physiologic study of the muscular actions and the functions of muscles in maintaining posture of the body | body mechanics
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| abnormal flexion and fixation of a joint caused by atrophy | contractures
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| lying horizontal on the back | dorsal or supine
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| supine with head and shoulders up and extremeties moderately flexed | dorsal recumbent
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| bending or flexing backward (lifting toes upward, for example) | dorsiflexion
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| movement of joint that increases the angle between two adjoining bones | extension
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| movement of joint that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones | flexion
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| elevation of the head of the bed by 45-60 degrees | fowler's position
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| kneeling so the weight of the body is supported by knees and chest | genupectoral
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| extension beyond normal limit | hyperextension
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| inability to move freely | immobility
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| any connection between bones | joint
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| resting on the side | lateral position
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| supine with hips and knees flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally (childbirth) | lithotomy
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| turning the patient in bed as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment | logroll
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| ability to move with ease and without restriction | mobility
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| death of tissue | necrosis
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| ability to breathe only in upright position | orthopnea
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| posture assumed by patient sitting up at a 90 degree angle | orthopneic
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| turn or change of direction with feet remaining in a fixed place | pivot
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| ulcer that forms from local interference with circulation | pressure ulcer
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| palm of hand turned downward | pronation
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| lying face down | prone
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| normal movement any joint is capable of making | range of motion
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| modified fowlers position with head elevated 30-60 degrees and knees at 15 degrees | semi-fowlers position
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| downward and forward pressure on tissues beneath the skin | shearing force
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| palm forward or upward | supination
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| lying on back | supine
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| lying supine with head below legs and body | trendelenburg position
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| lying on the side, usually the left side | sim's position
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| factors that determine how much assitance one needs when moving a patient | ability of pt to assist; activity level; weight; medical equipment; pain level; surgical sites; medical diagnosis; complications of immobility
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| hazards of immobility (caused by improper alignment or positioning) | pressure ulcers; shearing force; contractures; fluid in lungs
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| patient teaching topics associated with immobility | teaching family to assist in positioning; assessing the environment to prevent falls; ROM exercises; avoidance of prolonged sitting (stretching frequently); making position changes slowly to prevent orthostatic hypotension
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| nursing interventions to prevent complications of immobility | repositioning; proper hydration/nutrition; ROM exercises; careful handling; proper positioning; early ambulation; antiembolism measures
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| things to consider when assisting a patient to ambulate | orthostatic hypotension; appropriate ammount of support; avoidance of overtiring; if falling, support the head
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| this level of support involves only holding a patient's arm to provide stability and reassurance | minimal support
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| this level of support requires caregiver to encircle the arm and support patients waist | moderate support
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| it requires two people to provide this type of support | maximum support
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| the patient conducts ROM exercises without assistance | active ROM
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| the patient conducts ROM exercises with assistance from THEMSELVES | active assisted ROM
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| the nurse conducts ROM exercises without the patient's help | passive ROM
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| the nurse assists the patient to complete ROM that they are able to partially complete unassisted | passive assisted ROM
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| contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle | actin
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| when stimulated, a muscle fiber will contract fully or not at all | all or none
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| those having opposing actions (muscles that flex the upper are are __________ to muscles that extend it) | antagonist
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| broad fibrous sheets of connective tissue | aponeuroses
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| wasting away of tissue | atrophy
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| synovial fluid filled sac located between some tendons and bones, making movement easier | bursa
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| increase in size, structure, or function (of a muscle) | hypertrophy
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| type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten and no movement is produced | isometric
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| type of muscle contraction in which the muscle length changes, producing movement of a joint | isotonic
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| the muscle mainly responsible for producing a particular movement | prime mover
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| basic functional or contractile unit of skeletal muscle | sarcomere
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| muscles that assist the prime mover with movement | synergists
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| inflammation of the tendon sheath | tenosynovitis
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| three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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| muscle attachment to the bone that remains relatively stationary | origin
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| point of attachment to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts | insertion
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| main part of the muscle (between origin and insertion) | body
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| three primary functions of skeletal muscles | movement, posture (muscle tone), heat
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| this muscle puckers the lips | orbicularis oris
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| muscle that surrounds the eye | orbicularis oculi
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| muscle that raises the eyebrows | frontal muscle
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| muscle that elevates the corners of the mouth and lips (smiling) | zygomaticus
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| this muscle elevates the mandible (closes mouth) | masseter
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| this muscle assists the masseter in elevating the mandible | temporal
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| muscle in the front of the nexk that causes the head to move forward when flexed | sternocleidomastoid
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| muscle in back of neck and shoulders that elevates the shoulder and extends the head when flexed | trapezius
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| muscle that flexes the upper arm | pectoralis major
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| muscle that extends the upper arm | latissimus dorsi
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| muscle that abducts the upper arm | deltoid
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| muscle that flexes the forearm | biceps brachii
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| muscle that extends the forearm | triceps brachii
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| the four abdominal muscles | external oblique; internal oblique; transversus abdominus; rectus abdominus
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| two muscles associated with breathing | diaphragm, intercostal
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| three muscles of the hips and groin | iliopsoas; gluteus maximus; adductor muscles
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| three muscles of the hamstrings | semimembranosus; semitendinosus; biceps femoris
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| the muscles of the quadriceps femoris group | rectus femoris; vastus lateralis; vastus medialis; vastus intermedius
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| four major muscles of the lower leg | tibialis anterior; gastrocnemius; peroneus; soleus
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| close mouth and produce chewing movements | mastication
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| quick, jerky contractions that do now play a significant role in muscle activity | twitch
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| contractions that are sustained and steady caused by a series of stimuli bombarding a muscle in rapid succession | tetanic
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| contraction of a muscle that produces movement of a joint | isotonic
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| contraction of a muscle that does not produce movement | isometric
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