Cardiovascular disorders
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| cardiovascular system | artiers, veins capillaries
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| Arteries | carry oxygenated blood from heart to body, muscular and elastic in nature-accomodate pressure increases during heart contraction, mainaint unidirection blood flow duint heart relaxation
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| veins | composed of small layer of muscle, blood flow back to hear it supported by skeletal muscle contraction, valves present to prevent backflow of blood
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| Capillaries | connect artiers to veins through networks fo tiny vessels-capillary beds, exchangfe of nutrients, gases horomones
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| Blood flow | left and right sides of heart work together, both bentricles contract(systole), releax(diastole), heart pumps 5-6L of blood per min, contraction ciculates blood to every cell in body
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| Diasotle | relaxation-blood flows into and through atria to ventricles, as atrial pressure increases, blood flow forced down into ventricles
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| systole | contraction-during ventricular contraction-tricuspid valve closess-blood travels to pulmonary artery, mitral valve closes-blood travels to aortic atery
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| Stroke Volume | amount of blood pumped during ventricular contraction
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| Cardiac output | stroke volume* heart rate
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| Heart internal structures | coronary artiers, intrinsic electical conduction system
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| coronary arteries | branch from base of aorta to supply entire myocaridum
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| intrinsic electrical conduction system | SA node depolarizes-spread electicity though pathway in atria, depolarization reaches the AV node-travels to ventricular walls-contraction by wya of AV bundle, bundle branches, pukinji fibers
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| Responses and adapations to exercise | exercising muscls require more o2, both components of cardiac output are increased, vascular resistence decreases,-vasodilation in skeletal muscle, systolic pressure can increase to 250mmHg, diastolic pressure remains constant
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| exercising muscles require more o2 | heart rate and respiration rate both increase significantly
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| both components of cardia output are increased | stroke volume and heart rate
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| vascular resistance decreases-basodilation in skeletal uscles | bp does not decrease b.c of increased vardiac output
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| systolic pressure can increase to 250mmhg | high systolic pressure is necessary to maintain blood flow to vessels being occluded by intense muscle contraction
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| Long term responses and adaptations to exercise | increase CO(increase in SV), cardiac hypertrophy, decreased in resting heart rate, little change in BP
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| Once exercise ceases what happens? | hr should decrease by atleast 12 bpm after the first min(mor fit, quicker it falls), BP should drop 8-12 mmHg/MET level
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| AHA minimal components | capable of identifying up to 50% of atrisk ath, follow up testing should be done for any suspected abnormalities-ECG echocardiogram, blood tests, CMR exercise testing
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| Echocardiogram | ultrasound of the heart
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| Blood tests | sickle cell trait/diseas, mycardial infarction
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| CMR | Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
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| ECG | electrocardiogram-assesses the hearts electricle system, relitively inexpensive test, assocate w. false positives
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| Pwave | atrial depolarization
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| QRS segment | ventricular depolarization
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| Twave | ventricular repolarization
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| diagnostic testing? | some controversy as to whether ppe should include ECGs, echocardiograms, or blood testing, ATs should discuss the use of these CV screening tests w/ their team physicians, decision to include tests in standare PPE is both a philosophical and finacial one
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