Test terms
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| A display of chromosomes pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape | Karyotype
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| The pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis. | Synapsis
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| The x shaped, microscopically visible regions where homologous nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis; the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion | Chiasmata
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| An additive effect of two or more genes on a single pheonotypic character. ex: height | Polygenic Inheritance
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| THe tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the eukaryotic chromosomes DNA molecule that protects the organisms genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication | Telomere
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| A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die. This is what happens when you sunburn and your skin peels | Apotosis
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| Having two identical alleles for a given gene | Homozygous
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| Having two different alleles for a given gene | Heterozygous
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| A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells | Chromosome
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| A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent. | Genomic Imprinting
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| Either of two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes along the arms. | Sister Chromatids
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| The specialized region of the chromosome where two sister chromatids are most closely attached | Centromere
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| A cellular protein that occurs in cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle. Special chemicals that make the cell go around | Cyclin
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| A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages: Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. | Mitosis
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| A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell | Meiosis
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| A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent | Diploid Cell
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| A cell containing only one set of chromosomes | Haploid Cell
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| Mendels first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate) into different gametes during gamete formation | Law of Segregation
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| Mendels second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes | Law of Independent Assortment
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| The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects | Pleiotropy
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| A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited. Ex: coat color in mice | Epistasis
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| The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele. | Incomplete Dominance
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| A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome | Barr Body
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| A human genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects. | Down Syndrome
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| An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other. | Nondisjunction
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| A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations. | Pedigree
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| the master tumor suppressor gene which makes a protein | P53
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| An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups onto molecules | Kinase
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| For many cells, G1 is the checkpoint which will determine if they can advance to complete G1, S, G2, and M phases before dividing. What is this called | Restriction Point
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| An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. Mendel hybridized two true-breeding plants for one form of a single characteristic. | Monohybrid Cross
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| An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. Mendel hybridized plants that combined two of the seven characteristics he studied. | Dihybrid Cross
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| In which way does the average bacteria divide? | Asexually
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| A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half". In prokaryotes, this does not involve mitosis, but in eukaryotes, this is part of the process | Binary Fission
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| Genes carried on a single circular DNA moelecule, which is up to 500x cell length | Bacterial Chromosomes
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| Newer generation antibiotics attack what? | Enzymes that help bacteria replicate
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| How many genes does a typical human cell contain? | 30,000-35,000
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| Skin cells and hair cells are examples of these types of cells, which contain the full set of chromosomes so that all directions for functions and activities of the cell can be carried out | Somatic Cells
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| How many chromosomes are inherited from each parent? | 23
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| The complete set of chromosomes in humans is 46. This is known as.... | Diploid Number
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| Type of cells that have half the amount of chromosomes a body cell would have. Also known as gametes | Sex cells. In humans, the number is 23
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| This phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the cell increasing in size and supply of proteins to organelles | G1
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| This phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA synthesis | S
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| This phase of the cell cycle is responsible for preparing cells for division, increasing supply of proteins necessary for division, and checks for DNA damage | G2
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| This phase of the cell cycle is responsible for stopping progression of cell through the cycle. This is where the cell has the opportunity to pump the brakes and exit. May be considered the most important stage | G0
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| A very rare condition which creates multiple forms of cancer in families and is passed down. It is very rare and is related to a P53 problem | Li-Fraumani Syndrome
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| A co chemical that that is attached to a cyclin dependent kinase | MPF Maturation Promoting Factor
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| In mitosis, what is considered the beginning of division? | Prophase
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| Which phase of the cell cycle contains Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase/Cytokinesis | Mitotic Phase
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| In mitosis, which phase involves spindles being formed | Metaphase
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| In mitosis, which phase involves sister chromatids separating and migrating to the poles | Anaphase
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| In mitosis, which phase involves the reversing of prophase | Telophase
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| In mitosis, which phase involves the division of cytoplasm | Cytokinesis
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| How many times can a normal mitotic mammal cell divide before death? | 20-50 times
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| What are the "cell clocks" that govern the cell longevity | Telomeres
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| Three major checkpoints of the cell cycle | G1 of interphase, G2 of interphase, M phase
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| What will happen during the cell cycle if a cell is not halted at the checkpoint? | The cell will divide
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| What type of cells are not affected by growth factors that regulate density-dependent inhibition. These type of cells never stop dividing | Cancer Cells
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| When a cell dies from damage, poisons, starvation, hypoxia, or ATP depletion | Necrosis
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| Relating to sex cells, what are the male and female chromosome pairs? | Female: XX Male: XY
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| Meiosis 1 skips these two phases | S phase and G2
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| The goal of Meiosis 1 is to: | Halve the chromosome number
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| The goal of Meiosis 2 is to: | Separate sister chromatids
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| At what point of meiosis, does the cell turn haploid at the end | Telophase
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| What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis 2? | Mitosis starts Diploid, and Meiosis 2 starts haploid. Identical otherwise
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| How many times do cells run through meiosis 1 and 2? | Once only
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| Using the 2 to the n rule, determine how many gametes are in this Haploid pair AaBbCCDdEeFF | 2 to the 4 = 16. All you have to do is count the amount of heterozygous pairs and put that to the power of 2
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| Alternative forms of a gene that encode for differing forms of the same trait | Alleles
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| Dealing with traits, what letter is used for a dominant trait | Uppercase. ex: A
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| Dealing with traits, what letter is used for a recessive trait | Lowercase. ex: a
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| The physical characteristic of an organism. Anything that can be seen. Ex: hair color, eye color, skin | Phenotype
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| The genetic makeup of an organism | Genotype
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| What is most commonly used to track gametes and offspring | Punnett Square
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| Indicates that a gene is present and active with only one copy | Hemizygous
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| Random assortment of chromosomes on a metaphase plate | Independent Assortment
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| What phenotypic ratio is given for F2 generation | 9:3:3:1
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| The location of an allele on a chromosome | Locus
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| cystic fibrosis, tay sachs, and sickle cell are all examples of this type of disorder | Autosomal recessive
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| Huntingtons disease, achondroplasia, and neurofibromatosis are all examples of this type of disorder | Autosomal dominant
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| Dealing with pedigrees, a circle is ________, a square is a _________, and a diamond is___________ | Female, male, sex undetermined
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| Where does pattern baldness come from? | The X chromosome in the mother
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| More than 2 complete sets of chromosomes | Polyploidy
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| The tip portion of the X chromosome hangs by a thin piece of DNA. This is the most common form of developmental delay affecting 1:1,500 males. | Fragile X syndrome
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