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Lecture Unit 2

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Question
Answer
Arteries   Transport blood away from the heart. Carry O2 rich blood in the systemic circuit. Carry O2 poor blood in the pulmonary circuit & umbilical arteries.  
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Anastomosis   Union of 2 blood vessels. Ex. The 2 vertebral arteries fuse into the basilar artery.  
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Capillaries   Location of gas and nutrient exchange between vessels & tissues.  
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Veins   Transport blood towards the heart. Carry O2 poor blood in the systemic circuit. Carry O2 rich blood in the pulmonary circuit & umbilical vein.  
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Vessel Tunics   Lumen, Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica externa  
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Lumen   inner space of the vessel  
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Tunica intima   Innermost layer. Simple squamous endothelium. Touches blood directly. Most intimate.  
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Tunica media   Circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers. Location of vasodilation & vasoconstriction.  
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Tunica externa   Outermost layer. Collagen & elastic fibers.  
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Comparison of Vessel Structures   Arteries-Thickest tunica media. No valves. Capillaries-Only tunica intima. Allow rapid gas exchange. Veins-Thickest tunica externa. Smaller tunica media than arteries. Valves.  
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Blood flow   Heart, Elastic artery, Muscular artery, Arteriole, Capillary, Venule, Medium vein, Large vein, Heart.  
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Elastic Arteries   Largest Arteries. "Conducting arteries." Between heart & muscular arteries. High elastin content allows arteries to stretch & dampen surges & reduce bp resulting from contraction of heart. Aorta & its major branches-Brachiocephalic trunk, etc.  
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Aortic Branches -exs of elastic arteries. 3 branch directly from aorta.   Brachiocephalic trunk-right common carotid art-right external & internal carotid arts. -right subclavian art-right vertebral & internal thoracic. Left common carotid artery-left external & internal carotids. Left subclavian-vertebral & internal thoracic.  
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Muscular Arteries   "Distributing arteries"-body organs & tissues. Thick tunica media. Actively changes diameter of lumen to regulate amt of blood flow to the tissues. Most of named arteries in lab. exs. brachial, coronary, inferior mesenteric arteries, etc.  
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Arterioles   Smallest arteries. Lead to the capillary beds. Diameter regulated by: Local tissue factors. Sympathetic nervous system. Vasoconstriction & vasodilation.  
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Capillaries   Functional units of cardiovascular sys. Gas/nutrient/waste exchange between blood & tissues. Smallest vessels. Endothelium only. tunica intima. Simple squamous epithelium. 3 types: Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid.  
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Capillary bed   Network of capillaries that run throughout body tissues. Flow control: precapillary sphincter. Bypass: thoroughfare channel.  
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Continuous Capillaries   Most common. Muscle, skin, thymus, lungs, & the CNS.  
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Fenestrated   Have pores. Small intestine, most endocrine glands, kidneys.  
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Sinusoid   Bone marrow (RBCs born-get into blood stream), spleen, liver (RBCs die-leave blood stream). Look messed up.  
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Venules   Smallest veins. Primary location of diapedesis (WBCs leaving blood stream). Venules join to form veins.  
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Veins   Return blood to the heart. Act as blood reservoir. Walls thinner than artery walls. Low blood pressure. Most contain valves-prevent backflow of blood. Skeletal muscle contractions help pump blood toward the heart.  
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Hepatic Portal System   For digestion/absorption of nutrients. Know where blood drains from. Hepatic portal vein-liver. Gastric & gastro-omental-superior stomach. Splenic-spleen. Inferior & superior mesenteric-intestines.  
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Varicose Veins   Dysfunctional valves lead to blood pooling in the superficial limb veins. Genetic predisposition, aging, or strain that inhibits venous return. Strains-obesity, pregnancy, or continuous standing.  
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Hemorrhoids   Varicose veins of the anorectal region. caused by increased intraabdominal pressure. Bowel movement, childbirth.  
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Fetal Circulation (Part 1)   Umbilical cord-2 arteries become medial umbilical ligaments after birth. 1 umbilical vein becomes round ligament of liver or ligamentum teres. Ductus venosus-diverts blood from liver. Becomes ligamenum venosum after birth. Directly to inferior vena cava.  
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Fetal Circulation (Part 2)   Foramen Ovale-diverts blood from r atrium to left. Bypasses immature lungs. Becomes fossa ovalis. Ductus arteriosus-diverts blood from pulmonary trunk to aortic arch bypassing immature lungs. Becomes ligamentum arteriosum.  
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Patent Ductus Arteriosis   Ductus arteriosus stays open after birth. If untreated, PDA can lead to right ventricle failure. Treated w/ prostaglandin-inhibitors or surgery.  
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Blood Pressure   Sphygmomanometer. Systolic/diastolic. Average=120/80 (specifically refers to brachial artery)-lower further from heart. Hypertenstion=high blood pressure (140/90)  
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Atherosclerosis (Part 1)   Linked to over 50% of all deaths in U.S. Progressive disease of the elastic & muscular arteries. Aorta & coronary arteries most affected. Atheroma (fatty plaque)-thickening of the tunica intima. Narrowing of arterial lumen.  
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Atherosclerosis (Part 2)   Risk factors: genetics, sex, age, smoking, hypertension. Treatments: angioplasty, stents, coronary bypass surgery. Best=Prevention! healthy diet-watch cholesterol. dont smoke. monitor bp.  
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Abdominal Aortic Aneurism (Like vericose veins. BP makes worse-explode & bleed out. Most common in abdomen).   Localized dilation of a blood vessel, specifically arteries. Most often caused by atherosclerosis. May be detected through abdominal palpation, x-ray, or ultrasound. Treated w/ artificial vascular prosthesis or stents inserted through the femoral artery.  
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Cerebrovascular Accident   Stroke. Caused by blockage of a brain blood vessel. Thrombus-blood clot that forms w/i the brain blood vessel. Embolus-clot that formed in another blood vessel that migrates to the brain. Can lead to death of brain tissue.  
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