Chapter 7-10 Feldman
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| Preoperational: who, when, what | Piaget
age 2-7
symbolic thinking (toy car symbol of real)
primitive reasoning - WHY???
limitations: centration, irreversibility, conservation, transformation, egocentric, animistic
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| Signs and age of potty training readiness | The following are signs of:
1. 18-30 months (age 3 in class)
2. dry @ least 2 hours
3. dry after nap
4. regular bowel movement
5. indicating they are about to go
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| Preschool Period: age and 4 major theoretical stages | Age 3-6
Piaget: Preoperational
Erikson: Initiative vs Guilt
Freud: Phallic
Kohlberg: Preconventional Morality
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| Piaget's Stages | birth - 3: sensorimotor
3-6: preoperational
6-12: concrete operational
12-20: formal operations
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| Early Childhood Years | Age 3-6
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| Middle Childhood Years and 4 major theoretical stages | Age 6-12
Piaget: Concrete Operational
Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority
Freud: Phallic
Kohlberg: Conventional Morality
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| Why are poverty measures inadequate? | outdated
doesn't accurately consider resources
# people w insurance inc in 2007
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| Average 6 yr old weighs ____ lbs and is ____ inches tall | Average ____ yr old weighs 46 lbs and is 46 inches tall
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| obese | body weight 20% higher than avg for height (outdated)
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| The brain grows _____ than any other part of the body and is 90% grown by the age of ___, however it continues to grow until age 20. | The _____ grows faster than any other part of the body and is _____ grown by the age of five, however it continues to develop until age 20.
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| Lateralization occurs in the "Early Years", what is it? | process where certain functions are conducted more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other--what is this called and when does it happen?
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| The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with: | The following are associated with which hemisphere of the brain:
verbal competence (speaking, thinking)
sequential thinking
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| The right hemisphere of the brain is associated with: | Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with:
spatial relations
music
emotional expression
considering info globally
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| Handedness is said to appear by preschool, but in actuality a preference appears much earlier. ___ of children are right handed. | Handedness is said to appear by ______, but in actuality a preference appears much earlier. 90% of children are ____ handed.
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| In the preschool years, boys are generally _______ while girls are more _______ & have better _________. | In the preschool years, _____ are generally STRONGER while _____ are more COORDINATED & have better DEXTERITY.
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| 4 Measurements in advancement of gross motor skills | The following advance from the ages of 3-5:
1. ability to stop & turn
2. jumping distance
3. ascending descending stairways
4. hopping
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| Limitations (5) of the Piaget's preoperational phase? | What phase are these limitations associated with?
1. Irreversibility-fallen tree has always been down
2. Centration-focus on 1 feature- cat w/ dog mask is a dog
3. Transformation-only see beginning & end, no middle
4. Egocentrism
5. Lack CONSERVATION
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| Order of Grasping Conservation (6) | Number
Substance/Mass
Length
Area
Weight
Volume
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| Markers of the end of preoperational stage (3) | 1. intuitive thought (why???)
2. functionality (pedal bike->speed)
3. identity (some things don't change) beginning of conservation
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| Early and Middle Childhood: Erikson's Theory and Associated Stages | Psychosocial
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs Inferiority
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| In the preschool years, children develop _______, a set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals. | In the preschool years, children develop a SELF-CONCEPT; what is this?
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| At age _____, children notice differences between people based on skin color. | At age 3 or 4, children notice differences between people based on ______.
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| Race Dissonance | when a minority child indicates preferences for majority values or people
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| Gender Constancy | the awareness that gender is permanent
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| Sandra Bem: you should encourage ______ in children | androgeny: positive masculine AND feminine traits
who is a proponent?
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| Functional Play | simple repetitive typical of 3yr olds
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| Contructive Play | manipulating objects to build or create
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| Parallel Play | play in similar way w similar toys but not with each other
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| Onlooker Play | watch others play, do not participate
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| Associative Play | interact and share toys but do not do the same thing
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| Cooperative Play | play w/ one another, take turns, contests- most advanced play
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| In the preschool years, children develop "Theory of Mind" | Can see from anothers perspective- False belief task, 3yr old vs 4yr old
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| 4 Parenting Styles | 1. Authoritarian
2. Permissive
3. Authoritative
4. Uninvolved
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| Instrumental Aggression | motivated by desire to obtain concrete goal
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| Relational Aggression | nonphysical, intended to hurt anothers feelings
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| Heteronomous Morality: whose theory, age, what | Piaget
rules unchangeable
age 4-7
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| Abstract Modeling | process in which modeling leads to more general rules & principles
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| downward comparison: what & when | comparing yourself to others to feel better about self
middle childhood (6-12)
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| Kohlberg is best known for work on ________. | _______ is best known for work on moral development
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| 3 Levels of Morality and Theorist | Kohlberg
Level 1: PRECONVENTIONAL punishment & reward
2: CONVENTIONAL social-what would good member of society do?
3: POSTCONVENTIONAL-personal values, beyond "law"
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| Kohlberg's research on was criticized, especially by Gilligan because | his research was primarily on Western men
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| Gilligan's 3 Stages of Moral Development for Women (longitudinal work) | 1. Orientation to Individual Survival
2. Goodness as Self-Sacrifice
3. Morality of Nonviolence
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| motor development | hopscotch of 4 and 7 yr olds
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| Gender Identity- according to biological perspective | corpus collosum
hormones
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| Info Processing Approach to Cognitive Dev in Early Childhood | innate understanding of numbers
memories fade & are inconsistent
development is quantitative increases in abilities to take in, process, and store info
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| Vogotsky- perspective and 2 main features of theory | Theorist of Cognitive Dev
mentors & apprentices-cooperative learning with peers best
Zone of Proximal Dev-can ALMOST do on own, but CAN do w/ guidance
Scaffolding-support that encourages independence
Cons: not testable, does not address attention & me
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| preschool gender id: pref what play mates? | same sex, strict ideas re: gender
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| According to Bem, you should encourage children to be ______. | Androgynous-you can still be nurturing AND strong, etc
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| Authoritative is the best at developing | self esteem
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| Biggest reason to not spank | modeling "here's how to solve conflict"
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| Heteronomous Morality | strict
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| Binet | Intelligence test
Mental Age
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| Binet, Wechsler worked on developing | IQ tests
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| Categories of Mental Retardation and Definition | limitations in intellect AND behavior
profound: IQ below 20 or 25
severe: 22.5-37.5
moderate: 37.5 to 52.5
mild: 52.5 to 55-70
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| Dramatic Play | Imaginative-pretending
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| Private Speech | spoken to self
Vygotsky - a guide to behavior, try out ideas
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| Pragmatics | skills for conversation
turn-taking, sticking to a topic
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| Social Speech | increases greatly during preschool years
directing speech toward others, frustration when not heard
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| Fluid Intelligence | info processing, reasoning, memory
said to be consistent through life
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| Crystallized Intelligence | accumulation of info, skills, thru experience
said to increase with age
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| Concrete operational stage | age 7-12
PIAGET
logic
less egocentric
decentering
conservation
reversibility
relationship between time and speed
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| Percent of Childeren with ADHD & key feature | 3-7%
interferes with home AND school
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| Learning disability | difficulties in the acquisition of listening, speaking, reading writing, reasoning or math
a discrepancy in actual performance and apparent potential
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| Under Clinton, patents for Rx's were extended if: | companies performed research specific to children
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| Info Processing: early & middle childhood descriptions | early: scripts, memory easily influenced, basic understanding of #'s, quantitative increases in memory & attention
middle childhood: short term memory increases
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| According to the info processing model, difficulty with conservation is due to | According to the info processing model, a lack of memory capacity is responsible for difficulty with
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| Mental Retardation: 4 categories | Consider IQ AND Functional Level
Mild: IQ 52.5-70 most common. Behind in school but can fn indep, hold job
Moderate: IQ 37.5-52.5, 2nd grade level, travel indep to familiar places, assisted living
Severe & Profound: institution
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| Bicultural Identity | when a minority maintains original cultural identity AND integrates into dominant culture
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