action & innervation of supralaryngeal muscles
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| velopharyngeal sphincter | X Vagus | protrudes and elevates pharyngeal wall--contributes to velopharyngeal closure
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| salpingopharyngeus | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | elevates pharynx
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| stylopharyngeus | IX glossopharyngeal | elevates & opens pharynx, esp. during swallowing
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| cricopharyngeal m. | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | seals/opens esophagus (must relax to swallow)
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| Superior, middle & Inferior pharyngeal constrictors | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | narrows pharynx
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| musculus uvulae | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | raises velum in superior & posterior direction, shortens/bunches uvula
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| levator veli palatini | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | raises velum
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| tensor veli palatini | V trigeminal | tenses velum (contributes to velopharyngeal closure)
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| superior longitudinal muscle | XII hypoglossal | raises tip of tongue
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| Inferior longitudinal muscle | XII hypoglossal | tip of tongue down
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| hyoglossus | XII hypoglossal | retracts or depresses tongue, elevates hyoid
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| chondroglossus | XII hypoglossal | depresses tongue
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| vertical lingual m. | XII hypoglossal | flattens and depresses tongue
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| genioglossus | XII hypoglossal | depresses, flattens tongue
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| anterior genioglossus | XII hypoglossal | retracts tongue tip
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| posterior genioglossus | XII hypoglossal | protrudes tongue
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| palatoglossus | X Vagus | elevates rear of tongue, pulls tongue back to groove, depresses velum forms anterior faucial pillar
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| digastric | V trigeminal & VII facial | depresses mandible or elevates hyoid
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| geniohyoid | XII hypoglossal | depresses mandible or elevates hyoid
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| mylohyoid | V trigeminal | depresses the mandible or elevates the hyoid
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| platysma | VII facial | depresses mandible, corner of mouth & wrinkles skin of neck and chin
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| lateral pterygoids | V trigeminal | protrudes mandible, also moves laterally, implicated in bruxism
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| medial pterygoids | V trigeminal | raises & protrudes mandible, also moves laterally
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| temporalis | V trigeminal | raises & retracts mandible, implicated in bruxism & teeth clenching, maintains rest position of jaw when upright
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| masseter | V trigeminal | strongest craniomandibular muscle, elevates mandible against maxilla, moves mandible laterally
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| mentalis | VII facial | elevates & wrinkles chin, protrudes lower lip
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| levator labii superior | VII facial | elevates upper lip
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| levator labii superioris alaeque nasi | VII facial | elevates upper lip, flares nostril
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| zygomatic minor | VII facial | elevates upper lip & dilates mouth opening
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| levator anguli oris | VII facial | elevates angle of upper lip--up and medially
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| zygomatic major | VII facial | draws corner of mouth up and back ("smile muscle")
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| depressor anguli oris | VII facial | depresses & retracts lower lip ("triangular muscle"), depresses corners of mouth
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| depressor labii inferior | VII facial | depresses lower lip
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| palatopharyngeus | pharyngeal plexus from X & XI | depresses velum or elevates larynx & pharynx, narrows faucial isthmus (forms post. faucial pillar)
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| transverse muscles | XII hypoglossal | narrows & lengthens, lifts sides of tongue
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| orbicularis oris | VII facial | puckers/closes mouth
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| risorius | VII facial | retracts corners of mouth
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| buccinator | VII facial | flattens cheek
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| styloglossus | XII hypoglossal | retracts tongue
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