Institutions Terms
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| Appropriation | Money that Congress has allocated to be spent
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| Appropriations Committee | Congressional committee that deals with federal spending
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| Appellate Jurisdiction | Authority of a court to hear an appeal from a lower court
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| Bureaucracy | Departments, agencies, bureaus, and commissions in the executive branch of government
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| Casework | Personal work done by a member of Congress for his constituents
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| Civil law | Concerns noncriminal disputes between private parties
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| Class Action Lawsuit | Lawsuit brought on behalf of a class of people against a defendant, e.g., lawsuits brought by those who have suffered from smoking against tobacco companies
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| Closed Rule | Rules Committee rule that bans amendments to a bill
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| Cloture | Senate motion to end a filibuster that requires a 3/5 vote
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| Concurring Opinion | Written by a Supreme Court Justice who voted with the majority, but for different reasons
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| Conference Committee | Works out a compromise between differing House-Senate versions of a bill
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| Constituents | The people who are represented by elected officials
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| Discharge Petition | A motion to force a bill to the House floor that has been bottled up in committee
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| Dissenting Opinion | Written by a Supreme Court Justice (or Justices) who express a minority viewpoint in a case
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| Executive Agreement | An agreement between the President and another head of state that, unlike a treaty, does not require Senate consent
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| Executive Order | Presidential rule or regulation that has the force of law
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| Executive Privilege | The privilege of a President and his staff to withhold their “privileged” conversations from Congress or the courts
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| Filibuster | Nonstop Senate debate that prevents a bill from coming to a vote
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| Finance Committee | Senate committee that handles tax bills
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| Franking Privilege | Allows members of Congress to send mail postage free
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| Gerrymandering | Redrawing district lines to favor one party at the expense of the other
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| Hold | Senate maneuver that allows a Senator to stop or delay consideration of a bill or presidential appointment
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| Impeachment | House action that formally charges an official with wrongdoing. Conviction requires 2/3 vote from the Senate
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| Impoundment | Refusal of a President to spend money that has been appropriated by Congress
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| Injunction | Court order that forbids a party from performing a certain action
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| Judicial Activism | Philosophy that the courts should take an active role in solving problems
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| Judicial Restraint | Philosophy that the courts should defer to elected lawmakers in setting policy, and should instead focus on interpreting law rather than making law
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| Judicial Review | Power of the courts to review the constitutionality of laws or government actions
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| Legislative Oversight | Ongoing process of congressional monitoring of the executive branch to ensure that the latter complies with the law
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| Legislative Veto | Process in which Congress overturned rules and regulations proposed by executive branch agencies. Struck down in 1983.
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| Line Item Veto | Power of most governors (and President Clinton for only a few years) to delete or reduce funding in a bill on a line by line basis
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| Logrolling | When two members of Congress agree to vote for each other’s bill
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| Majority Opinion | Written to express the majority viewpoint in a Supreme Court case
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| Mark Up | Committee action to amend a proposed bill
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| Merit System | System of hiring federal workers based upon competitive exams
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| Open Rule | House Rules Committee rule that allows amendments to a bill
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| Original Jurisdiction | Authority of a court to first hear a case
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| Patronage | Power to appoint loyal party members to federal positions
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| Pocket Veto | Presidential killing of a bill by inaction after Congress adjourns
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| Political Appointees | Those who have received presidential appointments to office. Contrast with Civil Service employees, who receive federal jobs by competitive exams
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| Pork Barrel | Wasteful congressional spending, e.g. funding for a Lawrence Welk museum in North Dakota
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| Quorum | Minimum number of members needed for the House or Senate to meet
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| Reapportionment | Reallocation of House seats to the states on the basis of changes in state populations, as determined by the census
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| Redistricting | Redrawing of congressional district boundaries by the party in power of the state legislature
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| Red Tape | Complex rules and procedures required by bureaucratic agencies
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| Remand | The Supreme Court’s sending of a case back to the original court in which it was heard
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| Rider | Amendment to a bill that has little to do with that bill. Also known as a nongermane amendment.
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| Rule of Four | The Supreme Court will hear a case if four Justices agree to do so
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| Rules Committee | The “traffic cop” of the House that sets the legislative calendar and issues rules for debate on a bill
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| Senatorial Courtesy | Tradition in which the President consults with the senators within a state in which an appointment is to be made
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| Seniority System | Tradition in which the Senator from the majority party with the most years of service on a committee becomes the chairman of that committee
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| Spoils System | see patronage above
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| Standing Committees | The permanent congressional committees that handle legislation
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| Stare Decisis | Latin for “let the decision stand.” Supreme Court policy of following precedent in deciding cases
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| Sunset Laws | Laws that automatically expire after a given time
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| Ways and Means Committee | House committee that handles tax bills
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| Whistleblower | An employee who exposes unethical or illegal conduct within the federal government or one of its contractors
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| Writ of Certiorari | Issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court to send up the records of a case so that it can be reviewed by the high court
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| Writ of Habeas Corpus | Court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody. Deters unlawful imprisonment.
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| Writ of Mandamus | Court order directing a party to perform a certain action
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