Hormones
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estradiol (ovaries) | secreted by follicles of ovary when stimulated by FSH (anterior pituitary gland)
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progesterone (ovaries) | secreted by corpus luteum along with estradiol when stimulated by LH (anterior pituitary gland)
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LH (testes) | stimulates interstitial cells of testes to secrete testosterone (an androgen - male sex hormone)
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Hypothalamus | located below thalamus in brain
contains pituitary gland
produces 2 hormones of its own that are stored in posterior pituitary gland and stimulated by nerve impulses
secretes substances that stimulate secretion from anterior pituitary gland
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pituitary gland | located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Anterior and posterior parts
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Anterior pituitary gland | causes the thyroid gland to grow and stimulates it to secrete thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Anterior pituitary gland | Female: stimulates follicles in ovaries to produce mature ova and secrete hormone estradiol.
Male: stimulates the seminiferous tububles of testes to produce spermatozoa.
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luteinizing hormone (LH) Anterior pituitary gland | Female: stimulates a follicle each month to release a mature ovum. It stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete estradiol and progesterone.
Male: stimulates interstitial cells of testes to secrete testosterone.
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prolactin Anterior pituitary gland | stimulates development of lactiferous lobules (milk glands) in breasts during puberty and production of milk during pregnancy.
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Anterior pituitary gland | stimulates the cortex of adrenal gland to secrete its hormones (aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens)
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growth hormone (GH) Anterior pituitary gland | stimulates cell growth and protein synthesis in all body cells. It increases height and weight during puberty.
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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Anterior pituitary gland | does not have any significant function and is not normally present in adults.
Pregnant women-it is secreted and stimulates melanocytes to produce the pigment melanin. It causes skin pigmentation on the face (cholasma) and abdomen (linea negra).
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Posterior pituitary gland | moves water from tubules in the nephron of the kidney back into the blood. Decreases urine output and keeps blood volume and pressure at normal levels.
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oxytocin Posterior pituitary gland | stimulates pregnant uterus to contract during labor and childbirth. Causes uterus to contract after birth to prevent hemorrhaging. Causes breasts to release milk for nursing (let-down reflex) when newborn cries or sucks.
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pineal gland | located between the 2 lobes of thalamus in brain.
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melatonin pineal gland | maintains the body's 24 hour wake sleep cycle and regulates the onset and duration of sleep.
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thyroid gland | located in neck on either side of the trachea connected by the isthmus (bridge).
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T3 (triiodothyronine) thyroid gland | increases the rate of cellular metabolism
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T4 (thyroxine) | secreted but most is changed to T3 by the liver
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calcitonin | regulates amount of calcium in the blood. High level: Calcitonin moves calcium from the blood and deposits it into bones and therefore decreases blood calcium.
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pancreas | yellow, triangular gland posterior to stomach
Produces 3 hormones from a group of cells known as the islets of Langerhans.
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glucagon pancreas | secreted by alpha cells of pancreas. When glucose level is low, glucagon breaks down glycogen (stored in liver and skeletal muscle) to release glucose into the blood.
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insulin pancreas | decreases blood glucose.
secreted by beta cells. Insulin transports glucose to a body cell, binds to an insulin receptor on a cell membrane, and transports glucose into cell so that it can be metabolized to produce energy.
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somatostatin pancreas | secreted by delta cells.
Prevents glucagon and insulin from being secreted. Prevents growth hormone (anterior pituitary gland) from being secreted.
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parathyroid glands | located on posterior surface of thyroid gland
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parathyroid hormone | regulates amount of calcium in the blood. Low level: It moves calcium from bones into blood and therefore increases blood calcium.
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thymus gland | posterior to sternum, within the mediastinum of thorax.
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thymosin thymus gland | causes immature T lymphocytes in the thymus to develop and mature
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adrenal glands | at superior ends of each kidney
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aldosterone adrenal cortex (outer layer) | most abundant and biologically active of mineral corticoid hormones. Secreted when BP is low. Increases blood sodium.
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cortisol adrenal cortex | most abundant and biologically active of glucocorticoid hormones. Breaks down stored glycogen and increases amount of glucose in the blood. Decreases formation of proteins and new tissue. (strong antinflammatory effect)
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androgens adrenal cortex | male sex hormones In the blood, some androgens are changed to estrogens (female sex hormones).
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epinephrine adrenal medulla (inner layer) | fight or flight! secreted in times of anxiety, fear, or anger. Increases blood glucose.
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norepinephrine adrenal medulla | controls involuntary processes such as the heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure when the body is active or exercising.
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