chapter four concepts: energy, fuel, combustion
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | conservation of energy and mass, energy is neither created nor destroyed
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| heat | energy that flows from hotter to colder object
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| temperature | property that determines the direction of heat flow
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| combustion | combination of fuel and oxygen to form products
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| exothermic reaction | term applied to any chemical or physical change accopanied by the the release of heat.
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| Calorimeter | measures quantity of heat energy releaswed in a combustion reaction. ex: burning coal
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| Endothermic reaction | any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy. ex: melting ice
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| activation energy | energy necessary to initiate a reaction
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| Tetraethyl lead substitues | 1) Ethanol 2) MTBE
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| Entropy | randomness in position or energy level (going from order to disorder) Increase in entropy: exothermic. Decrease in entropy: endothermic
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| second law of thermodynamics | energy is lost through heat
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| Oil - refining process | crude oil (petroleum) refining process: crude oil separeted into fractions that consist of compounds with similar properties.
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| Distillation | a purification, or separation, process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected.
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| isomers | compounds with the same chemical formula but different chemical structure. ex. octane and isooctane
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| Cracking | chemical process by which large moclecules are broken into smaller ones suitable to be used in gasoline
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| thermal cracking | achieved by heating the starting materials to a high temperature
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| catalytic cracking | catalysts are used to promote molecular breakdown at lower temperatures
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| oxygenated gasolines | blends of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons with oxygen-containing compounds such as MTBE, ethanol or methanol
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| Reformulated Gasolines | oxygenated gasolines that also contain a lower percentage of certain more volatile hydrocarbons such a benzene found in nonoxygenated conventional gasoline
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| biomass | materials produced by biological processes
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| refinery gases | Most volatile components of the fractionating tower boil far below room temperature
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| hydrocarbons | molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
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| Alkanes | hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbons
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| bond energy | the amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond
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| heat of combustion | quantity ofr heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen
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| thermal energy | random motion of molecules
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| potential and kinetic energy | potential: form of energy related to positions of atoms and molecular structure and stored in chemical bonds. kinetic: energy in motion
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| calorie | amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of exactly one gram of water by one degree Celsius. 4.184 J
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| work | done when movement occurs against a restraining force. Work is equal to force multiplied by distance over which motion occurs
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