Flashcards from chapter 1 of Berkley Review's chemistry book (2010)
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| Beer's law | A=e[C]l
Works for all wavelengths, but works best at lambda max
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| Molarity (M) | (moles solute)/(volume solution)
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| Molality (m) | (moles solute)/(kg solvent)
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| Mass Percent | (mass solute)*100/(mass solution)
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| Density | (mass solution)/(volume solution)
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| Dilution formula | MiVi = MfVf
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| Dilution by 10 | 1 part solute, 9 parts solvent
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| Soluble | - Group IA, NH4+
- Nitrate NO3-
- Cl-, Br-, I- (except Ag+ and Pb2+)
- Sulfate SO4(2-) (except Ba2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Ca2+)
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| Insoluble | - Carbonate (CO3[2-]), Chromate (CrO4[2-]), Phosphate (PO4[3-]), Sulfide (S2-), Hydroxide (OH-)
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| Oxidation state rules | O: -2 (-1 in peroxides)
H: +1
Halogens: -1
Alkali metals: +1
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| Oxidation | Loss of electrons (oxdidation state goes up)
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| Reduction | Gain of electrons (oxidation state goes down)
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| Intensive | Does not depend on amount
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| Extensive | Depends on amount
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