asepsis
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| Acquired immunity | see Passive immunity>
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| Active immunity | a resistance of the body to infection in which the host produces its own antibodies in response to natural or artificial antigens>
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| Acute infection | those that generally appear suddenly or last a short time>
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| Airborne precautions | methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns>
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| Airborne transmission | infectious agent transmitted by droplets or dust>
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| Antibodies | immunoglobulins, part of the body's plasma proteins, defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections>
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| Antigen | a substance capable of inducing the formation of antibodies>
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| Antiseptics | agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms>
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| Asepsis | freedom from infection or infectious material>
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| Autoantigen | an antigen that originates in a person's own body>
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| Bacteremia | bacteria in the blood>
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| Bacteria | the most common infection-causing microorganisms>
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| Bacteriocins | substances produced by some normal flora (e.g., enterobacteria), that can be lethal to related strains of bacteria>
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| Bloodborne pathogens | those microorganisms carried in blood and body fluids that are capable of infecting other persons with serious and difficult to treat viral infections, namely hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and HIV>
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| Body substance isolation | (BSI) generic infection control precautions for all clients except those with diseases transmitted through the air>
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| Carrier | a person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent and serves as a potential source of infection, yet does not manifest any clinical signs of disease>
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| Cell-mediated defenses | see Cellular immunity>
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| Cellular immunity | also known as cell-mediated defenses, occur through the T-cell system>
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| Chemotaxis | the action by which leukocytes are attracted to injured cells>
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| Chronic infection | infection that occurs slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years>
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| Cicatrix | scar>
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| Circulating immunity | see Humoral immunity>
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| Clean | free of potentially infectious agents>
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| Colonization | the presence of organisms in body secretions or excretions in which strains of bacteria become resident flora but do not cause illness>
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| Communicable disease | a disease that can spread from one person to another>
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| Compromised host | any person at increased risk for an infection>
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| Contact precautions | methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents easily transmitted by direct client contact or by contact with items in the client's environment>
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| Cultures | laboratory cultivations of microorganisms in a special growth medium>
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| Diapedesis | the movement of blood corpuscles through a blood vessel wall>
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| Dirty | denotes the likely presence of microorganisms, some of which may be capable of causing infection>
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| Disinfectants | agents that destroy pathogens other than spores>
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| Droplet nuclei | residue of evaporated droplets that remains in the air for long periods of time>
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| Droplet precautions | methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns>
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| Emigration | process in which leukocytes move through the blood vessel wall into the affected tissue spaces>
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| Endogenous | developing from within>
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| Exogenous | developing from without>
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| Exudate | material, such as fluid and cells, that has escaped from blood vessels during the inflammatory process and is deposited in tissue or on tissue surfaces>
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| Fibrinogen | a plasma protein that is converted to fibrin when it is released into the tissues and, together with thromboplastin and platelets, forms an interlacing network making a barrier to wall off an area>
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| Fibrous (scar) tissue | connective tissue repair of wounds with tissue that can proliferate under conditions of ischemia and altered pH>
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| Fungi | infection-causing microorganisms that include yeasts and molds>
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| Granulation tissue | young connective tissue with new capillaries formed in the wound healing process>
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| Humoral immunity | antibody-mediated defense; resides ultimately in the B lymphocytes and is mediated by the antibodies produced by B cells>
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| Hyperemia | increased blood flow to an area>
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| Iatrogenic infection | infections that are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures>
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| Immune defenses | see Specific defenses>
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| Immunity | a specific resistance of the body to infection; it may be natural, or resistance developed after exposure to a disease agent>
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| Immunoglobulins | see Antibodies>
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| Infection | the disease process produced by microorganisms>
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| Inflammation | local and nonspecific defensive tissue response to injury or destruction of cells>
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| Isolation | practices that prevent the spread of infection and communicable disease>
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| Leukocytes | white blood cells>
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| Leukocytosis | an increase in the number of white blood cells>
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| Local infection | an infection that is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain>
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| Macrophages | large phagocytes>
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| Margination | the aggregating or lining up of substances along a surface or edge (eg, the lining up of white blood cells against the wall of a blood vessel during the inflammatory process)>
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| Medical asepsis | all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and spread of microorganisms>
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| Nonspecific defenses | bodily defenses that protect a person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure>
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| Nosocomial infections | infections associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility>
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| Occupational exposure | skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties>
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| Opportunistic pathogen | a microorganism causing disease only in a susceptible individual>
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| Parasites | microorganisms that live in or on another from which it obtains nourishment>
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| Passive immunity | a resistance of the body to infection in which the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source>
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| Pathogenicity | the ability to produce disease; a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease>
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| Phagocytes | cells that ingest microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles>
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| Reservoir | a source of microorganisms>
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| Resident flora | microorganisms that normally reside on the skin, mucous membranes, and inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts>
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| Sepsis | the presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in the blood or body tissues>
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| Septicemia | occurs when bacteremia results in systemic infection>
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| Specific (immune) defenses | immune functions directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents>
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| Sterile field | a specified area that is considered free from microorganisms>
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| Sterile technique | practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms>
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| Sterilization | a process that destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses>
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| Surgical asepsis | see Sterile technique>
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| Systemic infection | when pathogens spread and damage different parts of the body>
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| Universal precautions (UP) | techniques to be used with all clients to decrease the risk of transmitting unidentified pathogens; currently, Standard Precautions incorporate UP and BSI>
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| Vector-borne transmission | a vector is an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent>
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| Vehicle-borne transmission | a vehicle is any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry>
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| Virulence | ability to produce disease>
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| Viruses | nucleic acid-based infectious agents>
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