Digestion Chapter 11
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| The digested food is abosorbed by what lining the gut? | epithelium lining
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| After the digested food is absorbed by the epithelium lining the gut, it is passed into what systems? | circulation and lymphatics
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| Some of the digested materials is processed where? | The liver
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| What is a name for waste matter that is excreted from the body? | defecation
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| Is the digestive system exposed to the external environment? | Yes
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| What are two other names for "digestive tract"? | GI tract or alimentary tract
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| How long is the GI tract? | about 9 meters (29.5 ft)
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| The digestive tract begins where? | Oral cavity
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| Does the pharynx come before or after the esophagus? | before
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| Does the esophagus reach the stomach? | yes.
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| Which intestine does the stomach open into? | Small intestine
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| Where does most absorbtion occur? | Small intestine
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| The rectum is part of what intestine? | The large intestine
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| What are the 6 accessory digestive organs? | Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
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| What do the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas do? | They help digest the food chemically by the enzymes they secrete and convey to the lumen by ducts.
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| How many layers does the wall of the digestive tract have? | 4
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| The wall of the digestive tract has 4 layers. What are they? - deep to superficial (i.e., from the lumen to the outer surface of the gut) | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, and Serosa
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| The layer surrounding the lumen is what? | Mucosa
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| What does the mucosa consist of? | a single layer of epithelium, a suportive connective tissue layer (lamina propria) and a thin, muscle layer (muscularis mucosae).
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| What type of lining epithelium is found in areas where there is a likelihood of excessive friction and injury? | Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous (flat, pavement-like). e.i., mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and the anus.
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| What are goblet cells? | exocrine cells that secrete mucus into the lumen and endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the blood.
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| Folds are called... | Villi - regions where absorption take place.
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| How rapidly does the epithelium proliferate? | every 5-7 days
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| Submucosa is located where? | The submucosa is located outside the lamina propria and its muscles.
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| Is submucosa a connective tissue layer containing large nerves and blood vessels? | Yes
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| What are the sphincter muscles stimulated by? | sympathetic fibers
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| What do the parasympathetic fibers of the submucous plexus do? | Stimulate muscle tone and activity and increase glandular secretions.
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| Where is the muscularis externa located? | Just external to the submucosa
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| What does the muscularis externa consist of? | Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle.
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| The mouth, pharynx, and superior and middle part of the esophagus have skeletal muscle that helps to voluntarily control swallowing. The anus also has skeletal muscle that helps voluntarily control defecation. | FACT
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| Serosa | located outside the muscularis externa. connective tissue layer. smooth membrane (known as the peritoneum.
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| In the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, and anus, what is the connective tissue that attaches the part to the surrounding region? | Serosa
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| What is the Peritoneum? | The peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It has a smooth inner lining (simple squamous epithelium) supported by connective tissue.
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| Peritoneal fluid | A clear fluid that lubricates the inside of the abdominal cavity packed with various organs which is secreted by the peritoneum membrane.
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| How many liters of fluid a day does the peritoneum secrete and absorb? | about 7 liters.
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| The part of the peritoneum that suspends the small intestine in the abdominal cavity. | Mesentery
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| A sheet of modified mesentery that falls like an apron from the stomach superiorly, over the anterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. | Greater Omentum
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| What is the purpose of the Greater Omentum? | It helps pad and protect the abdominal organs and prevents rapid heat loss from the anterior aspect of the abdomen because it contains a lot of adipose tissue.
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| What structure is the Mesocolon a part of? | Peritoneum
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| What structure is the Falciform Ligament a part of? | Peritoneum
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| What layer is the Serosa? | Outer Covering
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| Pacesetter Cells | Smooth muscle cells in the proximal part of the gut that spontaneously generate impulses and action potential.
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| The wave of muscular contraction that travels along the length of the digestive tract is known as what? | Peristalsis
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| Circular muscle contactions that churn and mix the food material, not necessarily to propel it forward is called what? | segmentation.
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| What are the activities of the digestive system controlled by? | Nerves, hormones, and local mechanisms.
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| Gastrin | A hormone secreted by cells in the stomach that stimulates gastric motility and secretion.
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| Secretin and cholecystokinin are examples of what? | hormones from the upper part of the intestine
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| The constituents of structures such as muscle, enzymes, antibodies, some hormones, neurotransmitters, and nucleic acids. Also help transport other substances in the blood. | Proteins
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| Mixing refers to... | Smooth muscle contracts rhythmically in small segments
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| Peristalsis refers to... | Propelling movement, Wave-like contraction and relaxation
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| Papillae | Contains taste buds, lots on each papilla
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| # Teeth - Primary (deciduous) in children | 20 - 10 pair
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| # Secondary (permenant) teeth | 32 - 16 pair
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| The 3 areas of the Pharynx include ______ | Naso, Oro, laryngopharynx
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| Where does swallowing reflex begin? | Pharynx
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| How long is the Esophagus? | 25 cm long
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| Is the esophagus posterior or anterior to the trachea? | posterior
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| Food moves through due to ________ waves | peristalic
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| Heartburn | due to esophageal sphincter allowing stomach contents into esophagus
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| J-shaped pouch | stomach
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| How much can the stomach hold? | about 1 liter
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| What allows the stomach to expand? | Rugae
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| Peritoneum | serous membrane (like pleural) that attaches abdominal viscera (organs) to wall of abdominal cavity
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| Drapes abdomen, Contains much adipose (insulation and protection) and lymph tissue | Greater omentum
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| Connects liver to stomach | Lesser omentum
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| HCI | Acid for chemiacal digestion
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| Pepsin | Digests proteins
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| Buffers | Protect stomach from eating itself
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| Chyme | Food and gastric juice, Paste
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| How long do liquids stay in stomach? | very short time
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| How long do fatty food stay in the stomach? | 3-6 hours
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| Fastest to slowest movers in the stomach are... | Carbs, proteins, then fats
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| What moves into the duodenum of the small intestine? | Chyme
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| Where is the pancreas located? | Behind the stomach
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| What is the function of the pancreas? | Secretes digestive “cocktail” of enzymes to digest proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
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| What is the largest internal organ of the body? | Liver
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| What is the liver seperated by? | 2 lobes separated by a falciform ligament
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| Attaches liver to abdominal cavity | Liver
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| Functions of Liver | Metabolise Glucose, Amino Acids and Fatty acids, Filters blood carrying nutrients, Stores Glycogen, Iron and Vitamins A D B12, Produces Bile and helps emulsify fat globules
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| What stores bile the liver makes and secretes it into small intestine when its needed | Gallbladder
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| What joins the liver and the small intestine? | Gallbladder
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| Duodenum | Connects to stomach
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| Jejunum | Part of small intestine stucture
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| Ileum | Connects to large intestine
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| Mesentary | Fold of the peritoneum, Suspends jejunum and ileum from perotineal wall
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| Projections of small intestine wall for increased surface area for nutrient absorption | Villi
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| True or false? It takes approximately 3 –10 hours for chyme to move through the small intestine | True
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| Peristaltic rush | Causes diarrhea
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| The large intestine includes what structures? | Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal, Anus, Vermiform appendix attached to ascending colon
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| Absorption of water and electrolytes | Large intestine
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| Which intestine forms feces? | Large
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| Intestinal flora – bacteria that breaks down what enzymes can’t like cellulose (corn) and gas | Large intestine
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| Ingestion of food and water | Large intestine
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| Produce and release chemicals to aid in digestion. (enzymes and acid) | Large intestine
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| Hepatic portal system | Movement of nutrients from GI tract to bloodstream aka Absorbtion
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| “Add” up molecules and body tissues | Anabolism
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| Bricks are monosaccharides | Carbohydrates
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| Bricks are amino acids | Proteins
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| Bricks are Tryglycerides (Glycerol + 3 fatty acids) | Lipids
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| “Cut” down molecules for fuel | Catabolism
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| Done by a process of dehydration synthesis | Anabolism
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| Small molecules are building blocks for macromolecules | Anabolism
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| Done by process of hydrolysis | Catabolism
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| Large molecules broken into smaller ones | Catabolism
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| Protein broken into amino acids | Catabolism
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| Carbohydrates broken into monosaccharides | Catabolism
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| Lipids broken into glycerol + 3 fatty acids | Catabolism
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| Chemical substances supplied by the environment that an organism needs to survive | Nutrients
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| Macronutrients – needed in bulk | Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Water
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| Micronutrients - needed in small amounts | Vitamins, minerals
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| Main energy source | Carbs
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| In its absence, we utilize other energy sources such as fat and protein (gluconeogenesis) | Carbs
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| Sugars (monosaccharides) | Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
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| Disaccharides | Sucrose = frucose + glucose, Lactose = glucose + galactose, Maltose = glucose + glucose
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| Maltose = | glucose + glucose
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| Lactose = | glucose + galactose
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| Sucrose = | frucose + glucose
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| Glycogen | How a body stores glucose
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| Daily carbohydrate requirement | 125 – 175 g/day
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| Average diet of carbs = | 200 – 300 g/day (too many)
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| Building blocks = triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids) | Lipids
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| Cell membrane = phospholipids | Lipids
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| Cholesterol | Lipids
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| What are lipids important for? | Cell structure (phospholipid bilayer), Hormone structure (cholesterol), Secondary fuel source
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| NO double bonds | Saturated
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| has double bonds | Unsaturated
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| Monounsaturated = | 1 double bond
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| Polyunsaturated = | 2+ double bonds
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| Hydrogenated = | add H+ to unsaturated to make a saturated fat
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| is Chylomicrons good or bad cholestrol? | The very worst
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| LDL Cholestrol | Low-density lipoproteins
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| HDL | high-density lipoproteins
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| Function of cholesterol | Liver uses it to produce bile salts
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| Daily cholesterol requirements | 30% daily calories
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| Essential amino acids (9) | Threonine Tryptophane Methionine Valine Phenylalanine Histidine Leucine Isoleucine lysine
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| Essential = | only obtained through food - Body can’t make them from other things
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| Taurine, arginine, carnithine essential in babies | True
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| Main function of vitamins | act as coenzymes (act with enzyme in the process of catabolism)
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| Fat soluble | ADEK
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| Water soluble | B group and C
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| Mineral Facts | Elements other than C essential to human metabolism, From plants or by eating a plant-eating animal, Many functions (structure, nerve impulse, muscle movement, blood coagulation),
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| Major Minerals = | Ca, P, K, Cl, S, Na, Mg
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| Trace Minerals = | Fe, Mn, Cu, I, Co, Zn, Fl, Se, Cr
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| 1 nutritional calorie (as opposed to chemistry stuff) = 1 Kcal | True
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| 1 Kcal = amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1,000 grams of water by 1 degree C | True
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| Caloric intake > output | Causes weight gain and is a Positive energy balance
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| Caloric intake < output | Causes weight loss and is a Negative energy balance
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| How many calories does it take to gain/lose one pound? | 3,500
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| Rate a body expends energy under basal conditions | Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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| Increase of 1 degree body temperature increases metabolic rate by 7% (and stays up for several hours after exercise | FACT
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| Vasoconstriction of blood vessels, Shivering | Heat promoting mechanisms
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| Heat loss mechanisms | Main way body loses heat = radiation, Evaporation – sweat cools because it evaporates and takes heat with it
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| Contraindications to massage therapy | Bleeding ulcer for one
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| Massage Therapy May help tone abdominal muscles | TRUE
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| Conditions massage therapy can be useful for are... | Gaseousness, Acid Reflux, Constipation
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