Nutrition-H20 SolVit
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| Name the water soluble vitamins | Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Vitamin C
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| Name the sources of thiamin | Pork, nuts, legumes, unrefined cereal germs, and whole wheat
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| Temperature and pH changes can destroy the activity of thiamin (T/F) | True
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| Describe the thiamin transporter and it's process | -Thiamin is transported through a high-affinity thiamin transporter (SLC19A2 gene)
-The High-affinity thiamin transporter is similar to the reduced Folate transporter
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| What is Thiamin-Reponsie megaloblastic anemia? | Thiamin-Responsive megaloblastic anemia is a rare disease associated with a deficiency in the SLC19A2 gene
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| Describe the interconversions of thiamin | TMP -> Thiamin -> TDP -> TTP
1 2 3
1-Phosphatase
2-Pyrophospholkinase
3-Adenylate Kinase
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| Name the Thiamin deficiency diseases | -Known as Beriberi
-Poor diets, chronic alcoholism, megaloblastic anemia (transporter), Lactic acidosis, Branched-chain ketoaciduria (branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase), necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (lack of TPP in neural tissues)
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| What is lactic acidosis? | Decreased pyruvate decarboxylase activity
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| Name the thiamin deficiency symptoms | Mental confusion, anorexia, muscular weakness, ataxia, peripheral paralysis, paralysis of motor nerves of the eye, edema (wet beriberi), muscle wasting (dry beriberi), tachycardia, and enlarged heart
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| Name the biochemical assessment of thiamin deficiency | Erythrocyte transketolase test, measurement of blood and/or urinary levels of thiamin, and measurement of blood levels of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate
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| Describe the erythrocyte transketolase test? | RBC's lack mitochondria and use the PPP to regenerate NADPH. Transketolase is a thiamin sensitive enzyme in the PPP.
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| Riboflavin (B2) is required for the synthesis of what two coenzymes? | FAD & FMN
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| What are the functions of riboflavin (B2) | -catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids
-oxidative/reduction reactions within the electron transport system
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| What are the significant sources of Riboflavin? | Milk, dairy products, meats, liver, green vegetables, and enriched flours/cereals
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| Which organ absorbs riboflavin from the diet? | Small intestines
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| Describe the absorption of riboflavin | -Absorbed by the small intestines
-Transport occurs through a Na+ dependent transporter and passive diffusion
-Cell uptake involves two types of transporters (facilitated and simple diffusion)
-Riboflavin is typically not stored and is excreted in urin
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| Describe the mechanism that forms FMN and FAD | Riboflavin -> FMN -> FAD
1 2
1-Favokinase
2-FAD Synthetase
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| Name the deficiencies of riboflavin | -Ariboflavinosis
-Stunted growth, skin lesions, segorrhic dermatitis, soreness and burning of lips mouth, & tongue;photophobia, buring/itching of eyes, superficial vascularization of cornea, cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, anemia, neuropathy
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| Describe the pathophysiology of ariboflavinosis | -Flavokinase activity is decreased
-FAD synthetase activity is increased
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| Describe the biochemical assessment of riboflavin deficiency | -Measuring glutathioine reductase activity from erythrocytes
-Measurements of urinary riboflavin excretion for 24 hrs
-Measuring riboflavin concentrations in RBC's
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| Niacin is used to synthesize what cofactor | NAD
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| What are the functions of Niacin | -The ox/red Rx of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids
-Electron transport
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| Name the niacin (B3) food sources | Meats, poultry, fish, legumes, cereals, and peanuts
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| Describe the absorption and transport process of Niacin (B3) | -Nicotinic acid is absorbed from the small intestines through a Na+ dependent transporter and through passive diffusion
-Some absorption of nicotinic acid can occur in the stomach
-Niacin is transported or diffuses into cells prior to modification
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| What happens to most of the niacin near the end of the transport/absorption process | Most niacin is reabsorbed from the kidneys and very little is excreted in the urine
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| Name the deficiencies of niacin (B3) | -Pellagra
-common in cultures where corn or sorghum are consumed
-corn is low in tryptophan, niacin and the niacin found in corn is found in an unavailable form
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| What are the causes of Pellagra (deficiencies of niacin) | Drugs (isoniazid depletes the enzyme needed to convert tryptophan to niacin), Malignant carcinoid (Tryptophan is primarily converted to serotonin), alcoholism, Hartnup's disease (effects intestinal transport and renal absorption of tryptophan)
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| How does the deficiency affect the GI tract | -Decrease in HCl production
-Decrease in Vitamin B12 absorption
-Fat
-Glucose
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| How does the deficiency affect the CNS | Weakness, Lassitude, Anorexia, indigestion, dermatitis (mainly in areas exposed to sunlight), Diarrhea, Dementia
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| What are the Biochemical Assessment of Niacin Deficiency | Measurement of urinary metabolites
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| Describe the niacin toxicities | Niacin flush: Capillary dilation, pain sensation, and redness of the skin
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| Where is biotin commonly found? | Biotin is commonly found in the dietary proteins. The biotin is covalently bound to proteins in our diet
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| Describe the absorption/transport of Biotin | -Biotinidase is a hydrolase that cleaves biotin from proteins/peptides
-Biotin is subsequently transported via Na+ dependent multivitamin transporter
-A Na+ dependent transporter transports biotin into cells
-Biotin is reabsorbed in the kidneys
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| Describe the function of biotin | -Holocarboxylase Synthetase is the enzyme responsible for the addition of Biotin to proteins
-Prosthetic group in 4 carboxylase: acetyl CoA carboxylase, 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl CoA carboxylase
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| Name the food sources for Biotin | -Liver, Baker's yeast, wheat bran, egg yolks
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| Name the biotin deficiency symptoms | Holocarboxylase synthase, biotinidase deficiency, and nutritional deficiencies
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| Holocarboxylase synthase | -occurs shortly after birth
-ketoacidosis, seizures, lethargy, comma, and death
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| Biotinidase deficiency | Seizures, hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, hearing loss, optic atrophy, skin rash, and hair loss
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| nutritional deficiencies | Dermatitis, alopecia, hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay
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| What is the function of Pantothenic Acid? | Required for: Fatty acid synthesis, ketone bodies, oxidation of pyruvate, and amino acid metabolism
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| Describe the transport/absorption process of Pantothenic Acid | -Absorption is mediated through the action of a Na+ dependent multivitamin transporter
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