Interest Groups
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| interest group | an organization of people with common interests who try to influence government policies and decisions
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| lobbying | Meeting government officials in an effort to influence their decisions
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| electioneering | work actively in the electoral process for a political candidate or a party by helping to fund campaigns, providing testimony, getting volunteers to work for candidates or forming PACs
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| litigation | a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights
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| grassroots lobbying | organized effort to urge citizens to try to influence the decisions of policy makers
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| revolving door | the practice of federal government officials or employees leaving to take jobs as lobbyists, consultants, or in key businesses that deal with the government
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| Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act | Law which requires interest groups to register with Congress and file quarterly reports. Later additions defined lobbyist and tightened registration and disclosure requirements. The law does not apply to grassroots activities.
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| Ethics in Government Act | A law meant to curtail the revolving door practice by limiting the ability of former government officials or employees from lobbying for issues related to their government service
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| Federal Elcetions Campaign Act (FECA) | Law limiting individual (hard money) donations to $1,000, banning direct corporate and union donations, banning foreign contributions, reporting all contributions to the FE, requiring that all adds include the name of the sponser
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| McConnell V. Federal Election Commission | Ruled that the governmetn had a legitimate interest in limiting the appearance of corruption and BCRA was the least restrictive way of doing so.
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| Political Action committee (PAC) | a committee, set up by an interest group represtenting a corporation, labor union, or other interest, to contribute financially to candidates and campaigns.
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| Buckley V. Valeo | Ruled that limits are allowed on hard money, but Congress can't limit citizens from spending their own money on their own campaing.
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| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act | An act to ban soft money contributions to national parties, limit soft money contributions to state and local parties (only for party building), raise individual limits from $1,000 to $2,000 and restrict independent expeditures.
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| hard money | direct contributions to the candidate
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| Independent/Individual Expenditures | spending by political action committes on political matters that is done directly and not by giving money to a candidate or party.
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| Soft Money | Money collected by political parties to pay for its activities adn expenses such as voting drives; not spent on candidates.
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| Free-rider Problem | For a group, the problem of people not joining because they can benefit from the goups activities without joining .
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| 527 Group | Independent political groups that are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly seek the election of particular candidates. Section 527 of the tax code specifies that contributions to such groups must be reported to the IRS.
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| Matching Funds | Contributions of up to $250 are matched from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund to candidates fro the presidential nomination who qualify and agree to meet various conditions, such as limiting their overall spending.
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| Federal Election Commission (FEC) | A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Elction Campaign Act of 1974. The Federal Elecion Commission administers adn enforces campaign finance laws.
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| Citizens United V. Federal Elction Commission | Cannot restrict corporations or unions from electioneering during the last two months of the campaign.
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