Human Body and Movement 101 Intro Material
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| Human Body and Movement | Study of Motion or human movement
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| Anatomic Human Body & Movement | Study of human muscoskeletal system & musculotendinous system
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| Biomechanics | Application of mechanical physics to human motion
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| Structual Human Body & Movement | Study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement. Skeletal & muscular structures are involved.
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| What are the TWO reference positions? | Anatomical and Fundamental
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| Anatomical Position | Most widely used and accurate. Palms facing forward.
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| Fundamental Position | is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides & facing the body
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| Anterior | In front or in the front part
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| Anteroinferior | In front and below
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| Anterosuperior | In front and above
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| Anterolateral | In front & to the side, especially the outside
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| Anteromedial | In front & toward the inner side or midline
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| Anteroposterior | Relating to both front & rear
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| Posterior | Behind, in back, or in the rear
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| Posteriorinferior | behind & below; in back & below
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| Posterolateral | behind & to one side, specifically to the outside
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| Posteromedial | Behind and to the INNER side
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| Posterosuperior | Behind & at the upper part
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| Contralateral | pertaining or relating to the opposite side
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| Ipsilateral | on the same side
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| Inferior | Below in relation to another structure; caudal
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| Superior | Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic
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| Caudal | Inferior
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| Cephalic | Superior
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| Deep | Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
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| Superficial | near the surface, used to describe relative depth or location or muscles or tissue
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| Distal | situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin
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| Proximal | nearest the trunk or the point of origin
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| Lateral | On or to the side; outside; farther from the median or midsagittal plane
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| Medial | Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane
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| Prone | The body lying face downward
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| Supine | Lying on the back; face upward position of the body
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| Dorsal | Posterior
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| Ventral | relating to the belly or abdomen
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| Volar | Relating to palm of hand or sole of the foot
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| Imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved | Plane of Motion
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| Motion through a plane revolves around an axis | Plane of Motion
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| There is a 90 degree relationship between a plane of motion & its axis | Plane of Motion
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| 3 Basic or Traditional Cardinal Planes of Motion | - Anterioposterior or Sagittal Plane- Lateral or Frontal Plane- Transverse or Horizontal Plane
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| Divides body into equal, bilateral segments. Example: a sit-up | Anterioposterior or Sagittal Plane
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| It bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half. Example: a sit-up | Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane
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| divides the body into (front) anterior & (back) posterior halves. Example: Jumping Jacks | Lateral or Frontal Plane
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| divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position. Example: spial rotation to left or right. | Transverse or Horizontal Plane
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| divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position. Example: spial rotation to left or right. | -Has same orientation as frontal plane of motion & runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion- Runs medial / lateral- Commonly includes flexion, extension movements
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| Sagittal or anteriorposterior Axis | -Has same orientation as sagittal plane of motion & runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion- Runs anterior / posterior- Commonly includes abduction, adduction movements
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| Long or vertical axis | Runs straight down through top of head & is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion-Runs superior/ inferior-Commonly includes internal rotation, external rotation movements
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| Osteology | Adult Skeleton
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| How many Bones are in the Body? | 206
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| How many Axial Skeleton Bones? | 80 bones
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| How many Appendicular Bones? | 126 bones
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| Skeletal Functions | Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc., Support (to maintain posture), Movement (by serving as points of attach. to muscles), Mineral storage, Hemopoiesis - process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
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| How MANY TYPES of bones are there? | 5
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| WHAT are the TYPES of bones? | -Long - humerous, fibula-Short - carpals, tarsals-Flat - Skull, scapula-Irregular - pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles-Sesamoid - patella
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| How many typical boney Features are there? | 8
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| Diaphsysis | long cylindrical shaft
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| Cortex | hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis
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| Periosteum | dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis
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| Endosteum | fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
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| Medullary (marrow) cavity | between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
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| Epiphysis | ends of long bones formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone
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| Epiphyseal plate | (growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses
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| Articular (hyaline) cartilage | covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction
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| Abduction | Away from midline. raising arms or legs to side horizontally
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| Adduction | Movement medially toward midline of trunk in lateral plane. lowering arm to side or thigh back to anatomical position
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| Flexion | Bending movement that results in a ▼ of angle in joint by bringing bones together, usually in sagittal plane -elbow joint when hand is drawn to shoulder
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| Extension | Straightening movement that results in an ▲ of angle in joint by moving bones apart, usually in sagittal plane - elbow joint when hand moves away from shoulder
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| Circumduction | Circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone; circumflexion
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| circumflexion | Circumduction
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| External rotation | a.k.a. rotation laterally, outward rotation, & lateral rotation
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| Internal rotation | Occurs in transverse plane- a.k.a. rotation medially, inward rotation, & medial rotation
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| Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of body | Internal rotation
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| Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body | External rotation
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| Eversion | -Turning sole of foot outward or laterally-standing with weight on inner edge of foot
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| Inversion | -Turning sole of foot inward or medially-standing with weight on outer edge of foot
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| Dorsal flexion | Flexion movement of ankle that results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone
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| Plantar flexion | Extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body
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| Pronation | Internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm
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| Supination | Externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm
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| Depression | Inferior movement of shoulder girdlereturning to normal position from a shoulder shrug
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| Elevation | Superior movement of shoulder girdleshrugging the shoulders
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| Horizontal abduction | -Movement of humerus in horizontal plane away from midline of body-also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction
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| Horizontal adduction | Movement of humerus in horizontal plane toward midline of body
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| also known as horizontal flexion or transverse adduction | Horizontal adduction
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| Protraction | -Forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine-Abduction of the scapula
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| Retraction | -Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine-Adduction of the scapula
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| Rotation downward | Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially & downward
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| Rotation upward | Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally & upward
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| Lateral flexion (side bending) | Movement of head and / or trunk laterally away from midline-Abduction of spine
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| Reduction | -Return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion-Adduction of spine
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| Palmar flexion | Flexion movement of wrist with volar or anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm
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| Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) | Extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm
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| Radial flexion (radial deviation) | Abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm
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| Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation) | Adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm
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| Opposition of the thumb | Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with fingers
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| Articulation | connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones
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| 3 major classifications according to structure & movement characteristics | -Synarthrodial-Amphiarthrodial-Diarthrodial
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| Synarthrodial | -immovable joints-Suture such as Skull sutures-Gomphosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla
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| Amphiarthrodial | -slightly movable joints-allow a slight amount of motion to occur-Syndesmosis-Synchondrosis-Symphysis
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| Syndesmosis | -Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones-Bones may or may not touch each other at the actual joint-Ex. Coracoclavicular joint, distal tibiofibular jt.-
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| Caudal is mostly referred to... | ...toward the base of the spine
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| Cephalic is mostly referred to... | ...toward the head
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| Deviation | means to wander from the usual course. Lateral deviation occurs at the mandible during talking or chewing.
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| Lateral Rotation | external rotation
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| Medial Rotation | Internal rotation
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| Lateral tilt of the pelvis | elevasion
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| posterior tilt of the pelvis | upward rotation
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| anterior tilt of the pelvis | downward rotation
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