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kapbio

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
Prophase 1   Spindle apparatus forms, nucleoi and nuclear membrane disappear.  
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Synapsis   Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwined  
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Tetrad   each chromosome has two sister chromatids which contains four chromatids  
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After recombination occurs, are sister chromatics longer idental   NO  
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Metaphase 1:   tetrads align at equatorial plant and each pair attaches to separate spindle fiber by kinetochore  
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Anaphase 1   Homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles of cell  
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Disjunction   each chromsomoe of paternal origin separates from homolougs origin and can end up in either daughter cells  
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Telophase 1   nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus at point where each chromosome still consits of sister chromatids joined at centromere  
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Meiosis 2 is ___ preceded by chromosal replication   NOT  
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New cells of second meitoic cells have ___ number of chromsomes   haploid  
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Mitosis: 2N --> ___N Meiosis 2N--> __ N   2N 1N  
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Mitosis: homologous chromosomes ___ pair up   don't  
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Meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair up at metaphase plate forming   Tetrads  
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Offsprings are essential genetic ___ copies of parent cells   carbon  
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Asexual reproductions have 4 types, name them.   1. fission 2. budding. 3. regeneration 4. parthenogensis  
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Asexual reproduction is more prevalent in ____ than vertebrates   invertebrates  
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Binary fission   simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotic organisms. Divides into two equal cytoplasm.  
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Fission occurs in   one-celled organisms such as amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria  
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Budding: Replication of nucleus followed by ____ cytokinesis   Replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis  
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Budding occurs in   hydra and yeast  
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budding pinches inward to form a new cell that is ___ size but genetically identical to the parent cell which then grows to adult size.   smaller  
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Regeneration is   regrowth of lost or injured body part. occurs in mitosis.  
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Regeneration occurs in   lower animals: hydra and starfish, salamanders and tadpoles can generate new limbs  
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Parthenogenesis   development of an unfertilized egg into adult organisms  
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Parthenogensis occurs in   bees and ants. male develops from unfertilized eggs while worker bees and queen bees develop from fertilized eggs  
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Spore formation (diploid) produces ___ spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation   produces haploid spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation  
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Alternation of generation in which a ___ generation is succeeded by haploid generation   in which a diploid generation is succeeded by haploid generation  
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Spores are specialized cells with hard coverings that ___ lost of water   prevent  
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diploid sporophyte generation produces ___ spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generations   haploid  
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meristerms are undifferiated ____ in plants which provide a source of cells that can develop into adult plant.   undifferiated tissues in plants which provide a source of cells that can develop into adult plant.  
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vegetative propgation is advantageous because it introduces ___ genetic variation and is a rapid form of ___   no reproduction  
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Natural vegetable propgatation: bulbs split into ___ bulbs. occurs in: ___ and ____   several tuplids - dafodils  
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Natural vegetable propgatation: Tubers are ____ stems with bubs. ie: ______ that cacn develop into adult plants   underground. potatos.  
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Natural vegetable propgatation: Runners are stems running ___ and ___ the ground extend from the main ___. can produce ___ roots and upright stems such as in ____ and ___ grasses   above and along. stem new strawberry and in lawn grasses  
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Natural vegetable propgatation: ____ are woody, underround stems and can develop new upright stems as in ___ and ___ plants   rhizomes. ferns and iris  
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Auxins   can be used to accelerate root formation  
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Layering is ____ . examples: ____ and ___   will take root when bent to the ground and covered with soil. blackberry and rasperry  
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stem of one plant called ___ Can be attached to root stem of another closely related plant called ___.   scion. stock.  
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___ tissue of both stems must be in contact   cambium  
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Gonads are ___ produced in specialized organs   gametes  
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testes produce ___ in tightly coiled ____ tubules.   sperm in voiled seminiferous tubules  
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Female gonads called ___ produce ___ (eggs.   ovaries produce occytes  
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Hermaphrodites have ___ functional of ___ and ____ gonads such as: ___ and ___   both functions of male and female Hydra and earthworm  
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Spermatogensis occurs in ____ tubules.   seminiferous  
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Diploid cells called ____ undergo meiosis to produce ____ haploid sperm of equal size.   spermatogonia. four  
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Oogensis is the production of ____ gametes occured in the ___   gemale. ovaries.  
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Prophase 1   Spindle apparatus forms, nucleoi and nuclear membrane disappear.  
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Synapsis   Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwined  
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Tetrad   each chromosome has two sister chromatids which contains four chromatids  
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After recombination occurs, are ssiters chromatics longer idental   NO  
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Metaphase 1   tetrads align at equatorial plant and each pair attaches to separate spindle fiber by kinetochore  
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Anaphase 1   Homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles of cell  
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Disjunction   each chromsomoe of paternal origin separates from homolougs origin and can end up in either daughter cells  
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Telophase 1   nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus at point where each chromosome still consits of sister chromatids joined at centromere  
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Meiosis 2 is ___ preceded by chromosal replication   NOT  
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New cells of second meitoic cells have ___ number of chromsomes   haploid  
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Mitosis: 2N --> ___N Meiosis 2N--> __ N   2N 1N  
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Mitosis: homologous chromosomes ___ pair up   don't  
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Meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair up at metaphase plate forming   Tetrads  
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Offsprings are essential genetic ___ copies of parent cells   carbon  
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Asecual reproductions are: 1 2 3 4   1. fission 2. budding. 3. regeneration 4. parthenogensis  
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Asexual reproduction is more prevalent ini ____ than vertebrates   invertebrates  
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Binary fission   simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotic organisms. Divides into two equal cytoplasm.  
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Fission occurs in   one-celled organisms such as amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria  
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Budding   Replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis  
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Buddingg occurs in   hydra and yeast  
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budding pinches inward to form a new cell that is ___ size but genetically identical to the parent cell which then grows to adult size.   smaller  
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Regeneration   regrowth of lost or injured body part. occurs in mitosis.  
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Regeneration occurs in   lower animals: hydra and starfish, salamanders and tadpoles can generate new limbs  
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Parthenogenesis   development of an unfertilized egg into adult organisms  
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Parthenogensis occurs in   bees and ants. male develops from unfertilized eggs while worker bees and queen bees develop from fertilized eggs  
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Spore formation (diploid)   produces haploid spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation  
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Alternation of generation in which a ___ generation is succeeded by haploid generation   in which a diploid generation is succeeded by haploid generation  
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Spores are specialized cells with hard coverings that ___ lost of water   prevent  
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diploid sporophyte generation produces ___ spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation   haploid  
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meristerms are ____ tissues in plants which provide a source of cells that can develop into adult plant.   undifferiated  
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vegetative propagation is advantageous because it introduces ___ genetic variation and is a rapid form of ___   no; reproduction  
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Natural vegetable propagation: bulbs split into ___ bulbs. occurs in: ___ and ____   several; tuplids - dafodils  
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Natural vegetable propagation: Tubers are ____ stems with bulbs. ie: ______ that can develop into adult plants.   underground. potatos.  
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Natural vegetable propgatation: Runners are stems running above and along the ground extend from the main ___. can produce new roots and upright stems such as in ____ and in lawn grasses.   stem; strawberry.  
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Natural vegetable propgatation: ____ are woody, underground stems and can develop new upright stems as in ferns and iris plants   rhizomes.  
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Auxins can be used to ____ root formation   accelerate  
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Layering will take root when bent to the ground and covered with soil. examples: ____ and ___   blackberry and raspberry  
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stem of one plant called ___ Can be attached to root stem of another closely related plant called ___.   scion. stock.  
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___ tissue of both stems must be in contact   cambium  
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Gonads are ___ produced in specialized organs   gametes  
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testes produce ___ in tightly coiled ____ tubules.   sperm; seminiferous tubules  
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Female gonads called ___ produce ___ (eggs)   ovaries produce occytes  
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Hermaphrodites have ___ functional of male and female gonads such as: ___ and ___   both. Hydra and earthworm  
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Spermatogensis occurs in ____ tubules.   seminiferous  
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Diploid cells called ____ undergo meiosis to produce ____ haploid sperm of equal size.   spermatogonia. four  
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Oogensis is the production of ____ gametes occured in the ___   female. ovaries.  
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One diploid primary female sex cell undergoes meiosis to form ____ egg.   1  
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Oogensis produces a ____ body which is small cell that contains little more than the nucleus.   polar body.  
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Fertilization forms a ____ with ___ number of chromosomes   zygote. diploid  
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External fertilization in vertebrates produces in ___. such as __ and amphibians.   Water. Fish.  
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Internal fertilization Practiced by terrestrial vertebrates and provides a ___ route for sperm to reach the egg cell.   direct  
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testes are the site of production of _______ (hormone)   testosterone  
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testosterone regulates ____ male sex characteristics   secondary male sex characteristics like facial public hair voice chains  
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Pathway of sperm   SEVENUP  
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Ovaries are found in the ____ below digestive system   ab cavity below digestive system  
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Ovaries consists of 1000s of ___   follicies  
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follices is a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects an ____ ___   immature ovum  
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follicle cells produce ____ (type of hormone)   estrogen  
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once a month an immature ovum is released from the ovary into the ___ ___ and drawn into the nearby ____.   ab cavity; oviduct.  
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uterus is the site of ____ development   fetal  
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Cervix connects the vaginal canal to ____   site of sperm deposition and where baby is expelled during childbirth  
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each fallon tube opens into the upper end of a muscular chamber called the ____   uterus  
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secretion of both estrogens and progesterone is regulated by ___ and ___   LH and FSH. regulated by GnRH  
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Estrogens are steroid hormones necessary for normal female _____   maturation  
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Estrogen contributes to the development of ____ sexual characteristics and sex drive   2nd  
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Estrogens are responsible for thickening the ____   endometrium aka uterine wall  
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Estrogens are secreted by the ___ follicles and the corpus lutetium   ovarian  
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progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the _____ ____ during the ___ phase of the menstrual cycle.   corpus lutetium. LH  
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Menstruation cycle are divided into four parts known as:   follicular phase (FH), ovulation, luteal phase (LH), menstruation  
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follicular phase is when the Follicle stimulating hormone from ___ pituitary promotes development of follicle with grows and begins secreting ____   anterior pituitary; estrogen  
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Follicles mature during the ___ phase   follicular (FSH, LH)  
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____ surge at midcycle triggers ovulation   LH  
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ruptured follicles becomes the ____ ____ and secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining in preparation for implantation.   corpus luteum  
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corpus luteum secretes __ and __   secretes estrogen and progesterone  
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if ovum is not fertilized the corpus luteum ____. drop in progesterone and estrogen levels caused the endometrium to slough off giving rise to the ____   atrophies (dies). menses. (menstrutal flow)  
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If fertilization occurs, developing placental produces ____ which maintains corpus luteum and supply of estrogen and progesteroone maintains the uterus until the ___ takes over production of these hormones.   hCg (human chorionic gonadotrophin); placenta  
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in mosses, the ____ is the dominant generation   gametophyte  
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in mosses, sporophytes is a ____ organism that depends on the gametophyte for energy and ___.   short-lived. nutrient.  
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spores divided by ____ to produce haploid or gametophyte generation   mitosis.  
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in ferns, the ___ generation is dominant which releases spores from undersides of its leaves that develop into small heart shaped ___-   sporophye. gametophytes  
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Angiosperms   Flowering plants that have gametophytes consisting of a few cells that exists for a very short time  
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A ___ is the haploid, multicellular phase of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations, with each of its cells containing only a single set of chromosomes.   gametophyte  
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stamens are ___ plants   male plants  
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pistils are ___ plants   female plants  
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anther are _____ and produces ___ spores which develop into pollen grains.   terminal sac in stamen. haploid.  
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Pistil: stigma- sticky top part of pistil which catches ____.   pollen. has monoloid egg nucleus  
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petals specialized leaves surround and protects ___ to attract insects for their pollen for fertilization   pistils  
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sepals are ____ cover and product flower bud during early development   Green leaves  
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male gametophyte is a ___ grain   pollen  
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epicotyl is the precursor of ____ stem and leaves   upper  
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cotyledons are ___ leafs.   seed leafs. dicots have two seed leafs while monoctos have only one.  
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hypocotyle develops into ____ stem and root   lower  
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endosperm grows and feeds __.   grows and feeds embryo.  
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seed coat develops from outer covering of ___.   ovule.  
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meristem is the growth in higher plants is restricted to ____ cells   embryonic  
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aprical meristem are found in ___ of roots and stems. growth in ___ occurs only at these points   tips. length.  
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lateral meristem is known as the ___   cambium located btw xylem and phloem. permits growth in diameter. occurs in dicots like oaks.  
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autosomes are most chromosomes exist as pairs of ___   homologues  
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human has ___ pairs of autosomes   22  
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Sex chromosomes pair during ___ and segregate during the___ meiotic division   meiosis; 1st (prophase 1)  
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Gender of a zygote is determined by the genetic contribution of the ___   male gamete  
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sex lined are genes that are located on the __ and __ chromosome   X and Y  
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examples of sex-linked recessive are ___ and ___.   hemophilia and colorblindness  
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sex linked recessive generally affects only ____. they cannot be passed from father to son but can be passed from father to ____. daughter who is a carrier, therefore ___ a generation.   male. grandson. skipping a generation via sex recessive.  
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nondisjunction is the ___.   failure of homologous structures to structure during meiosis 1 or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis 2  
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Meiosis 1 -- produce _____ _____ meiosis 2 -- produce _____ _____   1: homologous chromosomes 2: sister chromatids  
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trisomy   zygote that has three copies of same chromosmoe.  
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Monosomy   single copy of the chromsome  
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down syndrome   trisomy of chromosome 21  
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mutations that occur in somatic cells lead to   tumors in the individual  
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mutation that occur in sex cells (gametes)   will be transmitted to offspring  
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colchicine inhibits ______ therefore causing polyploidy or mustard gas   spindle formation  
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______ occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes   Polyploidy  
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a molecular disease caused by inability to produce ____   proper enzyme for metabolism of phenylalanine  
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Cytosine, uracil, thymine are ___   pyrimidines  
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Adenine and Guanine are __   Purines  
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Nucleotide compose of   deoxyribose (sugar), phosophate group, nitrogenous base  
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DNA is a ___ stranded helix.   double  
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the language of proteins consists of __ words   20; aka amino acids  
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DNA language must be translated by   mRNA  
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each codon represent __ amino acid. however most amino acids are represented by __ than one codon.   1 amino acid. more than.  
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___ different codons   64  
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Dengeneracy or redundancy   most amino acids have more than one codon specifying them.  
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RNA is composed of ___. it is ___ stranded. found in the ____ and ___.   ribose sugar, single stranded RNA found in both nucleus and cytoplasm.  
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Three different tpes of RNA are: name 3 of them.   mRNA, tRNA, rRNA  
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mRNA transports DNA sequency from nucleus to _____   ribosomes  
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monocistronic is an example of ____. one strand codes for one ___.   mRNA - one mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide.  
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tRNA is found in the ___ which aids translation of mRNA nucelotides into ___   cytoplasm. amino acids.  
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there are ___ known tRNA   40  
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rRNA is synthesis in the   nucleolous  
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transcription:dna is transcribed into strand of mRNA which leaves through the ___   nuclear pores  
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translation occurs in the ___.   cytoplasm  
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anticodon is ____ to one of the mRNA codons   complementary  
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aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase   an active site that binds to both the amino acid and its corresponding tRNA  
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in elongation, ____ ____ form between the mRNA codon in the A site is complementary anti codon   hydrogen bond  
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translocation is   ribosome advances 3 nucleotides along the mRNA in the 5 to 3 direction.  
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disfulfide bonds form cross bridges with polypeptide chains of ____ and ____ molecular cross bridges.   intra and inter  
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plasmids contains ___ genes   contains one or more genes  
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episomes are plasmids that are capable of integration into _____ _____   bacterial genome  
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bacterial cells are reproduced by: ____ ____   binary fission  
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transformation for bacterial chromosome is the process of   foreign chromosome fragments - plasmid - is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination  
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conjugation can be described as ____ ____ in bacteria   sexual mating  
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F factor in ____ ____   E. Coli  
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HFR cells and occurs in ___   bacteria that have high frequency of recombination  
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transduction occurs when fragments of bacterial chromosome accidently become   packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection  
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recombination in bacteria occurs when when ____ ____ are separated.   linked genes are separated. breakage and rearrangement of adjacent regions of DNA.  
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repressor binds to operon, structural genes ____ described   not  
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inducer binds to repressor, no binding to operator = structure genes ____   transcribed.  
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inducible systems   repressor binds to operator forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing.  
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Inducer must ____ to repressor in inducible systems forming an ____ ____ complex.   bind, inducer repressor complex.  
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in repressible systems, repressor is ____ until it combines with the ____   inactive, corepressor  
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repressor is ____ until it combines with corepressor. in a _____ system.   inactive, repressible.  
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corepressors are often____ of biosyntheitc pathwayways   end-products  
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constitutive operons containing mutations whose regulator genes code for defective repressors are ____ of being turned off   incapable  
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lytic cycle   causing it to burst by taking over genetic machinery  
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lysogenic cycle   does not lyse the hot cells but replicates and eventually enters the lytic cycle.  
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bacteria containing proviruses are normally ____ to further infections   resistant  
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males ____ be carries for lethal genes   cannot  
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genes will be inherited only from ____ carriers   female  
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all males with the early acting sex-linked lethal recessive allele will ____   die  
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cleavage is the ___. what kind of division is it?   early embryonic development is characterized by a series of a rapid mitotic division  
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cleavage ____ surface to volume ratio of each cell therefore improving ____ and ____ exchange   increases. nutrient and gas  
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indeterminate cleavage, ie?   results in cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete organism. ie identical twins  
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determinate cleavage is   cells whose future differentiation pathways are determinate at an early development stage.  
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first complete cleave of zygote occurs approximately ___ hrs after fertilization   32  
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fertilization occurs within ____ to ____ hrs   12-24  
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second cleavage occurs after ____ hrs and the third cleavage occurs after ____ hrs   60; 72  
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morula   a solid ball of embryonic cells  
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blastulation is the process when ____ developes into a fluid filled cavity   morula  
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____ is a fluid filled cavity   blastocel  
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after four days the hollow sphere of cells is formed called the ____   blastula  
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Morula --> ____ --> blastula --> ____   blastocel; gasulation  
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___ --> blastocel --> ____ --> gastrulation   Morula; blastula  
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Gastrulation   cell migrations transform the single cell layer of the blastula into three layered structure known as gastrula.  
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Gastulation: Ectoderm includes:   hair, nails, epithelium of nose, mouth and anal canal. lens of eyes, retina, NS  
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Gastulation: Mesoderm   Muscular system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonad, ct throughout the body, and portions of digestive and respiratory organs  
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gastulation: endoderm   epithelial lining of the digestive n respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining  
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chorion   chorion lines the inside of the shell and it is a moist membrane that permits gas exchange  
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allatois   sac-like structure is involved in respiration and exretion and contains numerous blood vessels to transport O2, CO2, water, salt, and nitrogenous waste  
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amnion   encloses amniotic fluid- aq enironment which protects the developing embryo from shock  
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yolk sac   blood vessels in yolk sac transfer food to the devloping embryo  
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gas exchange in fetus occurs across the   placenta  
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placenta can remove ____ and ____   c02 and metabolic wastes  
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labor the baby comes out of the   cervix  
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marsupials are ___ mammals. IE?   nonplacental mammals. offsprings are born early and move to a bounch for the rest of their devlopment. aka kangroos  
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protozoans: movement of ___ and ___ accomplished by ___ diffusion within the cell   gases, nutrients, simple.  
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cnidarians: hydra and other cnaidarians have body wallas that are____ cells thick. cells are in direct contact with either internal or external environments so no specialized _____ system   2. circulatory  
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Anthropods: ___ circulatory systems. blood is in ___ contact with blood tissues.   open. Directo.  
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Sinuses   where exchange occurs. they are spaces.  
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annelids: ___ circulatory stems. IE?   earthworms- closed  
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aortic loops   five pairs of cessels which connect dorsal vessel to venral vessels  
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Earthworms blood lacks ___ blood cells   red blood cells  
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human cardiovascular system is composed of a muscular ___ chambered heart   4  
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blood is pumped into the ___ which branches into a series of ___   aorta; arteries  
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exchange of gases, nutrients, cellular waste products occurs via ____ across ___ __ in humans   diffusion. capillary walls.  
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Capillaries then converge into ___ and eventually into veins leading ____ blood back towards the heart   venues. deoxygenated.  
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deoxygenated blood into ___ circulatory (___ the lungs)   pulmonary. towards  
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oxygenated bloods into ___ circulation (___ the body)   Systemic. throughout.  
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right side of the heart pumped ____ blood   Deoxygenated  
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Left side of the heart pumps ___ blood   oxygenated  
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Two upper chambers are called   atria  
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two lower chambers are called   ventricles  
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artria are ___ walled   thin  
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ventricles are extremely ____   muscular  
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Name three types of blood vessels   arteries, veins, capillaries  
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arteries   thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxgenated blood away from the heart. except pulmonary arteries.  
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pulmonary arteries transport ___ blood from the heart ___ the lungs   deoxygenated blood; towards  
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veins are ____   thinly walled, ineleastic vessels, carries deoxygenated blood TOWARDS the heart. expect pulmonary veins.  
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pulmonary veins carry ___ blood from the lungs __ the heart.   oxyenated. towards.  
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vessels transport excess ___ ___ called lymth   intestritial fluid  
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Lymph nodes are ___ along lymph vessels containing leukocytes   swelling  
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phagocytic cells are   leukocytes  
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plasma in blood is the ___ portion   liquid  
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blood is an aq mixture of ___, salts, respiratory ___, wastes, hormones, blood protein.   nutrients, gas  
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Erythrocytes are   red blood cells  
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oxyhemoglobin   when hemoglobin binds oxygen which is a primary form of oxygen transport in RBC  
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RBCs circulate in the blood for about ___ days   120  
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RBC are phagocytized by special cells in the ___ and ___.   Spleen and liver  
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erythrocytes are formed from stem cells in the ___   bone marrow  
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Leukocytes are   white blood cells  
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TF: leukocytes are larger than erythrocytes and serve protective functions   TRUE  
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macrophages   WBC who migrate from blood to tissue and mature in stationary cells.  
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Lymphocytes   other WBC that are involved in immune response and production of B cells and T cells  
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platelets   cell fragments that lack nuclei and involved in clot formation  
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blood transports nutrients and O2 ___ tissues   to  
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blood transports wastes and CO2 ___ tissues   from  
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___ and ___ are absorbed into the bloodstream at the intestinal capillaries and after processing they are transported throughout the body   amino acids and simple sugars  
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waste products diffuses into ___ from surround cells and then these wastes are then delivered to appropriate excretory organs   capillaries  
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thromoboplatin   when both platelets and damaged tissues work together to release for clotting factors  
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prothrombins active form is known as   thrombin  
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thrombin converts to fibrinogen into   fibrin  
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threads of fibrins coat the damage and trap blood cells to form a __   blood clot.  
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serum is the fluid left after _____ _____   blood clotting  
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humoral immunity involves the _____ of antibodies   production  
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cell-mediated immunity   involves cells that combat fungal and viral infections  
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immunoglobulins are ____ which are complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger immune system to remove them.   antibodies  
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active immunity production of ____ during an immune response.   antibodies  
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passive immunity   involves transport of antibodies produced by another individual or organism  
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gamma globulin can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by ___ immunity   passive  
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histamine   injured cells that cause blood vessels to dilate to increase blood flow to damaged region  
🗑
granulocytes   attracted to injury site phagocytize antigenic material.  
🗑
____ diffuse to other cells where they prevent spread ofvirus   interferons  
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erthyroblastosis fetalis   severe anemia for fetus when RH destroys fetal red blood cells.  
🗑
translocation   circulation in plants  
🗑
xylem cells are ___ walled, often hollow cells located ____ the vascular bundle.   thicken, inside  
🗑
fibrovascular bundle   phloem, cambium, xylem layers  
🗑
meristem   refers to the actively diving, undifferentiated cells of a plant  
🗑
cambium - provides lateral growth of the ___ by adding to the ___ and ___   stem, phloem and xylem.  
🗑
main functions of the lymphatic system is to __ excess interstitial fluid and return it to the ___ system.   collect; circulatory  
🗑
lymphatic system is to ___ chylomicrons from the small intestine and deliver them to the cardiovascular circulation   absorb  
🗑
adrenal glands are situated on the top of the ____ and consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla   kidneys  
🗑
In response to stress, ____ stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secret steroid hormones aka _____   ACT (produced by anterior pituitary); corticosteriods  
🗑
cortisol and cortisone are examples of   glucocorticoids  
🗑
glucocorticoids are involved in ___ regulation and ___ metabolism   glucose and protein  
🗑
Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and ____ and decreasing protein synthesis   gluconeogenesis  
🗑
mineralocorticoids particularly ____ regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium and total extracellular water volume in the ___   aldosterone; nephron  
🗑
hypertension is   high blood pressure  
🗑
adrenal cortex secretes small quantities of ____   androgens - male qualities (facial hair, etc)  
🗑
A steroid hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone, that controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics.   androgen  
🗑
Adrenal glands are situated on top of kidney and consists of the   Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla  
🗑
Adrenal cortex secretes corticosteriods which has three different types called:   glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones  
🗑
adrenal medulla produces ____ and _____.   epinephrine and norepinephrine.  
🗑
catecholamines   class of amino acid derived compounds  
🗑
epinephrine   increase conversation of glucogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue - rise in blood glucose levels and increase in basal metabolic rate  
🗑
release of adrenal cortical hormones is under the control of _____   adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ATCH) - anteior or pituitary gland.  
🗑
ACTH stimulates the production of ____ and sex steroids   glucocorticoids  
🗑
Six hormones of the anterior pituitary are:   FLAT PEG FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH  
🗑
GH promotes ____ and ___ growth   bone and muscle  
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acromegaly is   disorder characterized by a disproportionate overgrowth of bone.  
🗑
prolactin is   stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands  
🗑
endorphines is   inhibit perception of pain  
🗑
ACTH stimulates the ___ ____ to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids and is regulated by releasing hormone CRF   the adrenal cortex  
🗑
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)   stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones including thyroxin  
🗑
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - in females, LH stimulates ____ and formation of the corpus luteum. in males, LH stimulates ___ ____ of the testes to synthesize testosterone.   ovulation; interstitial cells  
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in females -   In females, FSH causes maturation of ovarian follicles which begin secretion estrogen.  
🗑
FSH in Males -   FSH stimulates maturation of the seminiferous tubules and sperm production  
🗑
Melanocyte- Stimulating Hormone (MSH)   Secreted by intermediate lobe of the pituitary.  
🗑
Neurohypoophysis (___ pituitary)   posterior pituitary that does not synthesize hormones, stores and releases the peptide hormones oxytocin and ADH.  
🗑
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus produce hormones ___ and __   ADH and oxytocin  
🗑
oxytocin   secretes during childbirth, increase strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions  
🗑
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) increases the permeability of the nephron's ____ ___ to water, thereby promoting water reabsorption and increasing ___ volume.   collecting duct; blood  
🗑
thyroid gland produces and secrets three types of hormones:   thyroxin, triiodothyronine, calcitonin  
🗑
hypothyroidism common symtoms include- (from thyroid)   common symptoms includes a slowed heart rate and respiratory rate, fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain  
🗑
Thyroid: Hyperthyroidism   overstimulated, resulting in the oversecretion of thyroid hormones. symptoms: increased metabolic heart rate, feeligns of excessive warmth, profuse sweating, palpitations, wieght loss, protuding eyes.  
🗑
Cretinism   hypothyroidism in newborn infants which is characterized by mental retardation and short stature  
🗑
goiter   thyrod often enlarges forming a bulge in the neck  
🗑
insulin ____ plasma glucose   decreases  
🗑
glucagon ___ plasma glucose   increase  
🗑
growth hormones, the glucocorticoids, epinephrine are all capable of ____ plasma glucose   increase  
🗑
islets of langerhans   composed of alpha and beta cells in pancreas.  
🗑
alpha cells produce and secrete _____ beta cells produce and secrete ___ (PANCREAS)   glucagon; insulin  
🗑
glucaagon stimulates protein and fat degradation, from glycogen to ____ and ____.   glucose and gluconeogenesis - all to increase blood glucose levels.  
🗑
Insulin's - protein hormone secreted in response to a ___ blood glucose concentration.   high  
🗑
insulin's underproduction leads to _____ which is characterized by hyperglycemia(high blood glucose levels)   diabetes mellitus  
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parathyroid glands are embedded in posterior surface of thyroid. they synthesize and secrete ____ hormone which regulates plasma ___ concentration.   Parathyroid hormone (PTH); Ca2+.  
🗑
when blood volume falls, kidneys produce ____   renin  
🗑
renin is an enzyme that converts plasma protein ____ to angiotensis I.   angiotensinogen  
🗑
Aldosterone helps ____ blood volume by ____ sodium reabsorption at the kidney leading to an increase in water.   restore - increasing  
🗑
Aldosterone secretion occurs in the   Kidneys & Adrenal Cortex  
🗑
parathyroid glands increases ___   Ca2+  
🗑
CalciTONIN ___ CA2+   decreases  
🗑
Gastrin is a hormone that is stimulated in the stomach from _____   ingested foods  
🗑
Gastrin is carried to the ___ glands and stimulates the glands to secret ___ in response to food in stomach.   gastric; HCL  
🗑
Secretion is released by the ___ intestine when acidic food material enters from the stomach   small  
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carbohydrates is digested in the   in mouth and small intestine  
🗑
stomach only digest   protein  
🗑
gastrin produces ______   gastric glands  
🗑
gastric glands produces   HCl  
🗑
pepsigen (gen-inactive) produces   pepsin  
🗑
Pepsin (in-active) breaks down   proteins  
🗑
Chief cells produce   pepsinigen  
🗑
Secretin is a ___ system that neutralize the ____ from the ___ in order to be processed in the small intestine   bicarbonate system that neutralize the acidity from the chime in order to be processed in the small intestine  
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boblus   food that goes down esophagus --> not acidic  
🗑
peristasis   movement down the esophagus. contractions..  
🗑
cardiac splinter   cuts the food off from the esophagus to the stomach. to gastrin -> gastric glands -> HCL -> pepsigen  
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Pyloric splinter   food cutting from the stomach to the small intestine  
🗑
chyme   new acidic ball of food that enters small intestine; partly digested food from stomach.  
🗑
most all nutrients is located in the ___ intestine   small  
🗑
villi are located in the small intestine that contains ______ that absorbs everything   microvilli  
🗑
After microvilli does his job, it moves to the ____ intestine that absorbs water and salt.   large  
🗑
CCK breaks down   FATS  
🗑
pineal gland at base of brain secretes   melatonin  
🗑
(Cholecystokinin) released from ____ in response to the presence of ____ and causes the contraction of the gallbladder to releases ___ into small intestine   small intestine; FAT; bile  
🗑
bile   digestion of fats  
🗑
melatonin helps people discover the physiological cycle of ____   hours in a day  
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peptide hormones have specific ____ on the surface of their target cells   receptors  
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Cyclic AMP is a ____ messenger   2nd  
🗑
cAMP relaying messages from ____ peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes and initiates series of ____   extracellular; rxns  
🗑
cyclic amp is inactivated by cytoplasmic enzyme _____   phosphodiesterase  
🗑
steroid hormones enter target cells directly by bind to specific receptor proteins in the ___   cytoplasm  
🗑
phototropism is when auxins make plants bend ____ the light   towards  
🗑
indoleacetic acid is one of the ___ associated with photropism   auxins  
🗑
auxin is a plant ___   hormone  
🗑
geotropism is the growth of portions of plants ___ or ____ gravity   towards; away  
🗑
negative geotropism causes plants to grow ____ and ____ from gravity   away and upward  
🗑
positive geotropism causes plants to grown ____ the pull of gravity   towards. leaves goes down...  
🗑
gibberelins stimulate rapid stem____.   elongation  
🗑
kinetin promotes ______ in auxins (plant hormone)   cell division  
🗑
ethylene is the process of ____ ripening   fruit  
🗑
Inhibitors block ____ and serve an important role in growth regulation.   cell division  
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abscisic acid is one of the most important ____ that break down gradually so buds and seeds can become active in the next growing season.   inhibitor  
🗑
acromegaly is the   overproduction of growth hormones in plants  
🗑
thyroid hormone deficiency may result in   cretinism  
🗑
melatonin helps people discover the physiological cycle of ____   hours in a day  
🗑
peptide hormones have specific ____ on the surface of their target cells   receptors  
🗑
Cyclic AMP is a ____ messenger   2nd  
🗑
cAMP relaying messages from ____ peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes and initiates series of ____   extracellular; rxns  
🗑
cyclic amp is inactivated by cytoplasmic enzyme _____   phosphodiesterase  
🗑
steroid hormones enter target cells directly by bind to specific receptor proteins in the ___   cytoplasm  
🗑
phototropism is when auxins make plants bend ____ the light   towards  
🗑
indoleacetic acid is one of the ___ associated with photropism   auxins  
🗑
auxin is a plant ___   hormone  
🗑
geotropism is the growth of portions of plants ___ or ____ gravity   towards; away  
🗑
negative geotropism causes plants to grow ____ and ____ from gravity   away and upward  
🗑
positive geotropism causes plants to grown ____ the pull of gravity   towards. leaves goes down...  
🗑
gibberelins stimulate rapid stem____.   elongation  
🗑
kinetin promotes ______ in auxins (plant hormone)   cell division  
🗑
ethylene is the process of ____ ripening   fruit  
🗑
Inhibitors block ____ and serve an important role in growth regulation.   cell division  
🗑
abscisic acid is one of the most important ____ that break down gradually so buds and seeds can become active in the next growing season.   inhibitor  
🗑
acromegaly is the   overproduction  
🗑
thyroid hormone deficiency may result in   cretinism  
🗑
growth hormone promotes growth of ___   promotes growth of muscles  
🗑
ACTH stimulates _____ of glucocorticoids   stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids  
🗑
Oxtocin increase _____ during childbirth   increase contractions during childbirth  
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progresterone prepares ____ for implantation of fertilized egg   prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg  
🗑
aldodesterone induces water reabsorption in ____   kidneys  
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glucagon stimulates ____ of glucose into blood   stimulates release of glucose into blood  
🗑
throxine ____ rate of metabolism   increase rate of metabolism  
🗑
negative feedback is ____ whereby an end-product inhibits one or more of the earlier steps that lead to its production/secretion   regulation  
🗑
glucagon is secreted in the   pancreas  
🗑
oxytocin and vasopressin are produced by the _____ and released by the ____.   hypothalamus; pituitary  
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negative geotropism is   when leaves are going against gravity, meaning their leaves folds up.  
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myelin is produced by ___ in NS   glial cells  
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myelin is produced by ___ in CNS   oligodendrocytes  
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myelin is produced by ___ in PNS   schwann cells  
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deporalization in action potential allows voltage gate ___ channels to rush down gradient ___ the cell   NA+, into  
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Reporalization in action potential allows voltage gate ___ channels to open and down gradient.   K+  
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refactory period   difficult or impossible to initiate another action potential  
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the greater the ____ of the axon and the more heavily it is myelinated, the faster the impulses will travel   diameter  
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effector cells   ability to have neurons to communicate with postsynaptic cells other than neurons such as muscle or glands.  
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neurotransmitters are the nerve terminal contains thousands of membrane bound vesicles full of ______ _____   chemical messengers  
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curare blocks the __ synaptic acetylcholine receptor that it is unable to interact with its receptor   post  
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botulism toxin prevents realese of _____ from presynaptic membrane   acetylcholine  
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_____ is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms including humans.   acetylcholine  
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anti-cholinesterases are used as ____ gases and insecticide parathoin. it inhibits the actiity of acetylcholinesterarse where ____ coordinated muscle contractions can occur.   nerve, no  
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protozoa is a ___ organism that possess no organized NS   unicellular  
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Cnidaria have a simple nervous system aka ___   nerve net.  
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___ possess a CNS consists of defined ventral nerve cord, anteror brian, clusters of nerve cells.   annelida  
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____ possess a CNS consists of defined ventral nerve cord, anterior brian, clusters of nerve cells but also contain specialized sense organs   arthropoda  
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afferent neurons are   neurons that carry sensory info about the extenoral or internal environment to brian and spinal cord  
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efferent neurons are   neurons that carry motor commands from brian or spinal cord to various part of body  
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interneurons participate only in local circuits linking sensory andmotor neurons in the brian and spinal cord. their cell body and nerve terminals are in the ___ location   same  
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a network of nerve fiber are known as   plexus  
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ganglia   neuronal cell bodies often cluster together in PNS  
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nuclei of cell bodies are located in the ___   CNS  
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forebrain (prosencephalon) consists of ___ and ____   telencephalon and diencephalon  
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telencephalon is the ____ cortex which is highly convoluted gray matter and can be seen at the surface.   cerebral.  
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The cerebral cortex processes and integrates ___ input and ___ responses and is important for memory and creative thought.   sensory and motor  
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Olfactory bulb is the center for ____ and integration of olfactory input   reception  
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diencephalon contains the ___ and ____   thalamus and hypothalamus  
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thalamus is a relay and integration center for the ____ and ___   spinal cord and cerebral cortex  
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hypothalamus controls ______   hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance, blood pressure, temp regulation. endocrine system.  
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midbrain (mesencephalon) relay center for ____ and ____ impulses. important for motor control.   visual and auditory  
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hindbrian (rhombencephalo) is the posterior of the brian which contains three things:   cerebellum, pons, medulla  
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cerebellum helps ___ initiated by cerebellum for maintenance of balance, hand-eye coordination, timing of rapid movement   motor impulses  
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pons in hindbrain acts a relax cortex to communicate with the __-   cerebellum  
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medulla controls three things. name it. also known as medulla oblongata.   breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity  
🗑
brainstem is constitute of three things:   medulla, pons, midbrain  
🗑
sensory info enters spinal cord through the ____   dorsal horn  
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all motor info exists the spinal cord through the ____   ventral horn  
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PNS consist of ___ and ___-   nerves and ganglia  
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somatic NS innervates skeletal muscles and is responsible for   movement  
🗑
Autonomic nervous system innervates ___ and ___ muscles   cardia and smooth  
🗑
norepinephrine is used as a primary neurotransmitter in the   sympathetic NS  
🗑
parasympathetic division acts to conserve energy and rest of body to resting activity levels. T/F   True  
🗑
vagus nerve uses acetylcholine as a primary neurotransmitter in the PNS ystem that innervates many ___ and ____ viscera   thoracis and abdominal  
🗑
cones respond to ___ intensity illumination and are sensitive to ___   high, colors  
🗑
rods detect ____ intensity illumination and are important in ___ vision   low, night  
🗑
cornea focuses ___   light rays  
🗑
sclera is the ___ of the eye   white  
🗑
choroid layer helps supply retina with __-   blood  
🗑
retina contians ____ that sense light   photreceptors  
🗑
iris control ___   pigment  
🗑
lens and the shape and the focal length of which is controlled by the ____ muscles   ciliary  
🗑
axons of the ganglion cells bundle to form the ____   optic nerves which conduct visual info to the brian  
🗑
fovea is a densely packed with ____ and is important for high acuity vision   cones  
🗑
vitreous humor in eye maintains its ___ and ___ properties   shape and optical  
🗑
aqueous humor is formed by the eye and exits through ducts to join the ___ blood   venous  
🗑
myopia (nearsightedness) occurs when the image is focus _____ of the eye   in front  
🗑
hyperopia (farsightedness) occurs when the image is focus ___ the retina   behind  
🗑
astigmatism is caused by irregularly shaped ___-   cornea  
🗑
cataracts develop when the lens become opaque where light ___ enter the eye and blindness results   cannot  
🗑
resting membrane potential in a neuron result of an unequal distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of the cell. T/F   True  
🗑
Resting membrane potential of a neuron depends on three things:   differential distribution of ions across axon membrane, active trarnsport, selective permeability  
🗑
___ and ___ focuses light on the retina   cornea and lens  
🗑
____ is when the neuron goes past the resting potential and becomes even more negative inside than normal   hyperpolarization  
🗑
acetylcholine is ____ in the synapatic cleft by the enzyme acetycholinesterase after it has acted upon the postsynaptic membrane   inactive  
🗑
The chemical compound_______ (often abbreviated ACh) is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system   acetylcholine  
🗑
One NADH is produced per PGAL, for a total for ___ NADH   2  
🗑
Alcohol fermentation occurs in   Yeast and Bacteria  
🗑
Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in   Fungi and bacteria  
🗑
Cellular respiration is the most efficent catabolic pathway used by organisms to harvest the energy stored in ___   glucose  
🗑
Glycolysis yields ____ ATP   2  
🗑
Cellular Respiration can yield ___ to ____ ATP   36-38  
🗑
in cellular respiration, ___ is the final acceptor of electrons   Oxygen  
🗑
CELLULAR respiration occur in the eukaryotic ____.   mitochondrion  
🗑
Pyruvate decarboxylation in the mitochondrial matrix loses ___ and the coenzyme A to from ____   CO2, acetyl COa  
🗑
Pyruvate decarboxylation reduced ___ to ___   NAD+; NADH  
🗑
In Kreb cycle, __ CO2 are released   2  
🗑
In Kreb cycle, __ atp is produced by substrate level phosphorylation   1  
🗑
In Kreb cycle, NAD+ and FAD generates ___ and ___   NADH and FADH2  
🗑
NADH produces how many times   x3  
🗑
FADH2 produces how many times   x2  
🗑
ETC occurs inside the _________   inner mitochondrial membrane.  
🗑
cytochromes are   electron carriers that resemble hemoglobin in structure of active site.  
🗑
IN SUBSTRATE level phosphorylation, 1 glucose molecules yields ___ atp from glycolysis and __ ATP for each turn of the kreb cycle. Thus ___ ATP are produced.   2; 1; 4  
🗑
In oxidative phosphorylation, 2 pyruvate yields __ NADH for a total of ___ NADH   1; 2  
🗑
In oxidative phosphorylation, each turn of the citric cycle yields ___ NADH and ___ FADH2 for a total of __ NADH and ___ FADH2   3; 1. 6;2.  
🗑
Glycolysis occurs in the __   Cytoplasm  
🗑
Glycolysis makes _ ATP   2  
🗑
Pyruvate makes __ ATP   -2  
🗑
Kreb Cycle makes _ ATP   2  
🗑
ETC makes __ ATP   34  
🗑
Net ATP made in cellular respiration (eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?)   36; 38  
🗑
Fermentation occurs in the   Cytoplasm  
🗑
Pyruvate decarboxylation occurs in the   inner mitochrondion matrix  
🗑
Kreb Cycle occurs in the   inner mitochondrion matrix  
🗑
ETC occurs in the   mitochondrion inner membrane  
🗑
In Kreb cycle, breakdown of _____ generates nadh, fadh2, atp   acetyl coA  
🗑
2 Pyruvate --> ____ --> 2 acetyl coA   pyruvate decarboxylation  
🗑
glycogen is stored in the ____   liver  
🗑
fat molecules are stored in   adipose tissues  
🗑
fats hydrolyzed by ___ to fatty acids and ____   lipases; glycerol  
🗑
Glyceryol is converted to ____   PGAL  
🗑
Fats yields the ____ number of ATP per gram   greatest  
🗑
transamination rxn is when proteins lose an ___ group and are converted to acetyl CoA, pyruvate in the kreb cycle   amino group  
🗑
oxidative deamination removes ___ molecules directly from an amino acid   ammonia  
🗑
Cnidaria are ___ and ____   Protozoa and Hydra  
🗑
Cnidaria is when every cell is in ___ with the external environment of ____ where respiratory gases can be exchanged between cell and the environment by simple diffusion through cell membrane.   contact; water  
🗑
Annelids are - mucus secreted by cells on extrenal surface of earthworm's body provides a moist surface for gaseous exchange by ___   diffusion  
🗑
Annelids circulatory system brings ___ to cells and waste produce ___ back to skin for exretion   O2; CO2  
🗑
Cnidarias are basically have a mouth that eats and shits in the same place.   TRUE  
🗑
Annelids are basically ones that have aortic loops of heart goes in 02 and shits out C02, ie. earthworms. one anus one mouth   TRUE  
🗑
Arthropod phylum are grasshoppers that have respiratory tubes called ___   tracheae  
🗑
Arthropods chews their food and has a respiratory system..   True  
🗑
Gas exchange between the lungs and circulatory system occurs across very thin walls of the ____ which are air filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches.   alveoli  
🗑
___ are air filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches   alveoli  
🗑
ventilation is to take in ___ from atm and eliminate co2 from body   oxygen  
🗑
during inhalation the diaphragm ___ and flattens the external intercoastal muscle ___ pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and down   contracts  
🗑
exhalation is when the lungs and chest walls are highly ____ and tend to recoil to their original position following inhalation   elastic.  
🗑
medulla oblongata controls   breathing, ventilaion  
🗑
pulmonary capillaries surround the alveoli which diffuses across ___ ____ an those of the alveoli.   capillary walls  
🗑
Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air ___ the blood while __ diffuses from the blood into the lungs to be exhaled   into  
🗑
Photosynthesis produces ___ and gives off __ while respiration requires ___ to degrade ____   Glucose; O2 O2; Glucose  
🗑
glucose DEGERATION. degeneration means   CELLULAR RESPIRATION  
🗑
Fatty acids enter the degrative pathways in forms of   acetyl CoA  
🗑
gas exchange in lung is ____ transport   passive  
🗑
Air travels through a sequence: Put in order: Trachea, larynx, pharynx, alveoli, bronchi   Pharynx, larynx, trachae, bronchi, alveoli  
🗑
chemosynthesis is for simple autotrophic ____ to obtain energy for the manufacture of organic molecule   bacteria  
🗑
Photosynthesis converts ___ and water to form ____ and oxyygen   CO2; glucose  
🗑
in the light rxn, ___ and ___ are formed   ATP and NADPH  
🗑
in the dark rxn, ___ is reduced   CO2  
🗑
photolysis is known as the ___ rxn   light  
🗑
Cyclcic e- flow: cofactor carrier is ___   ferrodoxin  
🗑
Noncyclic electron flow: travels from ___ to ___ to transfer ___ for use in the dark rxn   p680 to p700 to transfer NADPH for use in the dark rxn  
🗑
cyclic electrron flow exits to p700 and then has a ____ rxn which returns it back and does not move forward to replenish energ. only produces ___   redox; ATP  
🗑
___ escape of high energy electrons from chlorophyll molecules   photoionization  
🗑
___is where light reactions occur   Grana  
🗑
___ is site of PSI and PSII.   thylakoids  
🗑
____ is the light independent reactions occur (like cytoplasm)   Stroma  
🗑
6 turns of Calvin cycle produces ____ pgal, ___ RBP, ___ glucose, ___ co2   12, 6, 1, 6.  
🗑
the sacromere is composed of ___ and ___ filaments   think and thick  
🗑
Thin filaments are chains of ____ molecules   actin  
🗑
Thick filaments are chains of ____ molecules   myosin  
🗑
absolute refractory period is when the muscle is _____ to a stimulus   unresponsive  
🗑
latent period is the time between stimulation and the onset of ____   contraction  
🗑
During the latent period (lag time) the action potential spreads along the sacolemma and ____ ions are released   CA2+  
🗑
the link of the _____ is the sacrolemma of the muscle and the nerve terminal   neuromuscular junction  
🗑
summation is when the contractions become ____ when stimuli are so frequent that the muscle ___ relax   continuous; cannot  
🗑
tetanus is when muscles will fatigue and the contraction will ___   weaken  
🗑
smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary actions by the ___   ANS  
🗑
smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, bladder, uterus, and blood vessel walls. T/F?   TRUE  
🗑
myogenic means   capable of contracting to ATP  
🗑
circadian rhythms   animals that associate with the 24hr frame  
🗑
spontaneous recovery   if the stimulus is no longer regularly applies, teh response tends to recover over time.  
🗑
classical or pavolvian condition involves with teh normal ____ responses with an environment stimuus   autonomic  
🗑
salivation reflex has to deal with   arbitray stimulus  
🗑
unconditioned stimulus is the innate reflex. ex:   food for salivation.  
🗑
unconditioned response is like   salivation for a dog when he hears the bell  
🗑
neutral stimulus is a stimulus that has to be combined with an   unconditioned stimulus  
🗑
conditioned reflex is the product of the condition experience. t/f   true  
🗑
position reinforcement   reward for doing something good.  
🗑
negative reinforcement   reward for not doing something bad  
🗑
punishment is a condition to ___ exhibiting a given behavior   stop  
🗑
extinction is gradual ___ of conditioned responses in absence of reinforcement   elimination  
🗑
spontaneous recovery is the recovery of the recovery response after ____   extinction  
🗑
stimulus generalization is the ability of a conditioned organism to respond to a ____ stimuli but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus   similar  
🗑
stimulus discrimination involves the ability of the learning organism to differentially respond to a slightly ___ stimuli   different  
🗑
efferent neuron has to deal with   motor  
🗑
afferent neuron has to deal with   sensory  
🗑
reproductive displays are____ behaviors found in all animals including humans.   specific. signals in preparaation for mating  
🗑
agonistic displays has to deal with ___   appeasement such as a dog wagging its tail  
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dominant members of the specieis will prevail over a   subordinate one.  
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pecking order refers to the _____ hierarchy   social  
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olfactory sense is immensely important for ____   communication  
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pheromones that influence the behavior of the ___ species   same  
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Releaser pheromones trigger a ____ behavior change in the recipient   reversible.  
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primer pheromones produce ____ term behavioral and physiological alterations in recipient animals   long  
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releaser pheromones can also secret as alarm and ____ defensive substances   toxic  
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simplex reflex is controlled by the ___ by a two neuron pathway from receptor (afferent) to the motor (efferent)   spinal cord  
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reticular activating system is when an animal response to potential danger or hearing one's name called.   TRUE  
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abiotic environment is the ___ environment   physical. environment we are living in.  
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biotic environment is the ___ environment   living. people who live in the environment.  
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species is any group of similar organisms that are capable of ___   reproducing  
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organ systems are made out of   organs  
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organs are made from   tissues  
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tissues are made from   cells  
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cells are made from   molecules  
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molecules are made from   atoms  
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atoms are made of   sub-atomic particles  
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population is a group of organisms of the ___ species living together in a given location   same  
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biotic community refers to only the populations and ___ their physical environment   not  
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ecosystem includes the biotic community and the non-living environment. t/f   true  
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biosphere includes all portions of the planet which support life: atmosphere, lithosphere(rock and soil surface) and hydrosphere (oceans). TF   true  
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photic zone in water, the top layer through which light can be penetrate, is where all aquatic ____ activity take place   photosynthetic  
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aphotic zone only animal life and other heterotrophic ___ exist   life  
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loams contain high percentage of each type of   soil  
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minerals including nitrates and phosphates affect the type of ____ that can be supported   vegetation  
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niche defines the functional role of an organism in its ___   ecosystem.  
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no two species can ever occupy the same niche. t/f   true  
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herbivores are animals that consume only ___   plants and plants food  
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symbiotic bacteria is capable of digesting ____ inhabit the digestive tracts of herbivores and allow the breakdown and utilization of cellulose   cellulose  
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carnivores are animals that eat other___   animals.  
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omnivores are animals which eats _____ and ____   plants and animals  
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symbionts live____ in an intimate often permanent association which may or may not be beneficial to participants   together  
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commensalism, mutualism, parasitism are types of ____ relationships   symbiosis  
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commensalism is when   one benefits and one is not affected  
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mutalism is when   both organisms benefits  
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parasitism is when   parasite benefits and host dies  
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ectoparasites are parasites that cling to the ___ surface   exterior  
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endoparasites ___ ____ in the host   lives within  
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saprophytism includes protists and fungi that ____ dead organic matter   decompose  
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scavengers are animals which consumes ____   Dead animals  
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interspecies   relationships between species  
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intraspecific cooperation   formation of societies in animal species  
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hyperosmotic environment means when organisms ___ water and take in sale   lose. ex: saltwater fish. active exertion of salt across gills  
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hyposmotic environment means when the intake of excess water and excess salt ___   lost. ex: freshwater fish excreting dilute urine.  
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poikilothermic are animals who are ___. the environment ____ their actions.   cold blooded. affects.  
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homethermic are animals who are ____. animals who are homeotherms need to maintain constant body temp than environments so they have _____.   warm blooded. hairs, fats, feathers to retain heat loss.  
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chemosyntthetic bacteria are   producers  
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producers are   autrophic plants  
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primary consumers are animals which consume ____   green plants aka herbivores  
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secondary consumers are animals who consume   herbivores aka carnivores  
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tertiary consumers are animals who consume   carnivores  
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saprophytic organisms are   decomposers aka bacteria and fungi.  
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Desert Biome: receives less than __ inches a year   10  
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Desert Biome: desert animals lie in ___   burrows, holes.  
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Grassland biome: by a low rainfall of ___ to ___ inch year   10-30  
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Grassland biome: no shelter for ____ mammals. ex of mammals are:   herbivorous. zebra, cattle, antelope, bison.  
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Tropic rain forests: are jungles by ___ temperatures and torrential ___   high, rains  
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Tropic rain forests: monkeys, lizards, snakes, birds, epiphytes(plants growin on other trees)   TRUE  
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Tropic rain forests: trees grow __-   closely together where sunlight hardly reachs teh forest floors.  
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examples of places of Tropic rain forests   amazon basin, sotuheast asian, central africa, central america, amazon basin, southeast asai  
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examples of places of grassland bioles   rockies, steppes of ukraine, pampas of argentina  
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temperate deciduous forest: have ___ winters and ___ summers. ___ rainfalls   cold, warm. moderate.  
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temperate deciduous forest: have trees such as   maple, beech, paks, willows which shed their leaves during cold winter months.  
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animals in temperate deciduous forest:   deer, fox, woodchuck, squirrels  
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temperate deciduous forest: kinda like big bear   true  
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temperate coniferous forest: forests are:   cold and dry  
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temperate coniferous forest trees consist of   pine, fir, spruce trees  
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temperate coniferous forest are areas like   united states and south canada.  
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temperate coniferous forest is like mountain high area   true  
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taiga biome receive ___ rainfall than temperate forest   less.  
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taiga biome have long cold winters and have only one type of coniferous trees aka   spruce  
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taiga biome contains on floors of mostly ___ and ___   moss and linches  
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animals in the taiga biome include   moose, black bear, wolf, birds.  
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taiga biome consists of areas of ___ and __-   canada and russia  
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tundra biome is ___. froze plain between taiga lands and northern ice-sheets   treeless  
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tundra has a very short ___ and have animals such as ___   summers. moss, polar bears, musk oxen, arctic hens.  
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polar region is a ___ area with no vegetation and terrestrial animals.   no  
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____ areas are the most stable ecosystems, conditions affecting temperature, amt of available oxygen, carbon dioxide   aquatic  
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aquatic biomes have two types: ___ and ___   marine and freshwater  
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in the marine biomes: intertidal zone include: it is exposed at low tides which undergoes variations in temperature and periods of dryness. ex?   algae, sponges, clams, snails, sea urchins, starfish, and crabs.  
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littoral zone is the region on continental shelf which contains ocean area with depth up to 600. these contains algae, crab, crustaceans, and ___   fish  
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pelgic zone is typical of the open seas and can be divided into ___ and ___ zones   photic and aphotic  
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photic zone is the sunlight layer (250-600ft) which contains plant ___. active swimmers such as fish sharks or whales feed on ___ and smaller fish. autrophic chief is diatom, an algae.   plankton  
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aphotic zone benefit the photic zone which has no sunlight. no photosyntheiss and only ___ exists. very cold water and high pressures and in complete darkness. contains nekton and benthos (crawling and sessile organisms). firecely competive.   hetertrophic  
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freshwater biomes such as rivers, lakes, ponds and marshes. freshwater is ____ creating a diffusion gradient with is a passage of water into cell.   hypotonic  
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turgor is a plant cells that have rigid cell walls and build up cell pressure so water can flow ___   in  
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symbiotic relationships are ___ term relationships btw two organisms   long  
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black bears living in Yosemite are an example of a __-   population  
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a community includes ___   all species living in a particular area  
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photic zone receives __   light  
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aphotic zone has only ___ living   heterotrophic  
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a primary consumer feeds on ___ producers   autotrophic  
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protists are __ cells and are ____.   single. eukaryotic.  
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fungi are _______ plants. they are nonmotile.   non-photosynthetic.  
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fungi are either _____ or ____   saprophytic or parasitic  
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saprophytic   bread mold. any organism that lives on dead organic matter  
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parasitic   atheleti's food fungus  
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plantae has multicellular organisms and are nonmotile and are ____   photosynthetic  
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cyanobacteria are ___. have cell walls and photosynthetic pigments with no flagella. nucleus. chloroplasts. mitochondria. can withstand extreme temp and descended from first organisms.   blue green algae living mostly in fresh water  
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cocci are __ shaped   round  
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bacilli are __ shaped   rods  
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spirilla are __ shaped   spiral  
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xylem is ___ conducting   water  
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phloem is ___ conducting   food  
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bryophyta does not contain ___   xylem  
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bryophyta the ____ is dominant compared to ___   gametophytes is dom and sporophyte isnt  
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in tracheophyta the ___ is dom compared to ___   sporophte generation is dominant and gametophyte is short lived.  
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trachelophyta are ___ plants   vascular  
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psilophytes contain ____ instead of roots and one vascular bundle. trachelophyta.   rhizoids  
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lycophyta has ___ and nonwoody and contain microphyll leaves. trachelophyta.   roots.  
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sphenophyta has roots, leaves, olly joined stems where worls of leaves occur on each joint. this division is part of the ______   trachelophyta  
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pterophyta is the largest division and includes ferns. they grow in length not in width. they grow from an undergrown stem known as ___. trachelophyta   rhizome.  
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tracheophta have deep roots instead of rhizoids and helps them grow in great hights because of the woody support system. cellular water storage creats ___ cells.   turgid  
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___ are the largest grouping of gymnosperms   conifers  
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megaspores are   female  
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microspores are   male  
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molluscas have calcium carbonate exoskeletons, chambered hearts, blood sinuses, nerve cords. ex:   claims, snails and squid  
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annelids has a coelem (true body cavity contained in mesoderm). ex:   earthworms and leeches  
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nematods are ___. they have digestive tubes and anus with mesoderm. lacks circuatory systems. ex:   roundworms. hookworm, trichinea, freeliving soil.  
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platyhelminthes are _____. bilaterally symmetrical.   flatworms.  
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cnadarians only have _ layers of cells.   2: ecto and endo  
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cnadaris have ___ symmetrical   radial  
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ex of cnadarians are:   hydra, jelly fish, coral, sea anemones  
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____ is an example of a chordate that is not a vertebrate   amphioxus.  
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chordates have __   notochord  
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vertebreate has a __-   backbone  
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arthropoda are insects that have _______ appendages, chitinous exoskeletons and open circulatory systems   joint.  
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three types of anthropods are:   insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.  
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archnids are examples of   spiders, scorpions  
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crustaceans are examples of   lobser, crayfish, shrimp  
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enchinoderms are those who can ____ body parts   regenerate  
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chordates have   notochords in early stages of embryologic development.  
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lanchelets and tunicates, amphioxus are ___ but not ___   chordates; vertebrates  
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petrification is the process in which minerals ___ the cells of organisms   replace  
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CASTs are formed by minerals deposited in ___   molds.  
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analogous means similar structure but ___ origin   different  
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homologous means similar structure, ___ origin   same  
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natural selection is when genotypes with favorable variations are selected through natural selection and the frequency of the favorable genes ____ within the gene pool   increases  
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mutations changes ___ frequencies in a population, shifting equilibrium   allele  
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genetic drift is also known as the   founder's effect - changes in composition of gene pool due to chance.  
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gene flow - migration of individual between population will result in a loos or gain of genes thus change teh composition of a populations gene flow. TF   TRUE  
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deme is a ___ local population   small  
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genetic variation, changes in environment, migration to new environments, adaptation to new environments, natural selection and isolations are all factors of   speciation  
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adaptive radiation is the emergence of a number of a ___ ancestral species   single  
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convergent evolution is when two different classes come to appear like each other physically based on their adapting to the same ___   niche. environment.  
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parallel evolution is when its one origin and separates through time because of separate environments but growing together. true/false   true  
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divergent is from one ___ ancestor and because of different involvements changes to two separate species   common  
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first primitive cells probably contained ___ polymers   nucleic acid  
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autotrophic anaerobes include   chemosynthetic bacteria  
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autotrophic aerobes include   green plants and phytoplankton  
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heterotrophic anaerobes include   yeast  
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heterotrophic aerobes include   amoebas, earthworms, humans  
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convergent evolution is when organisms differ phylogenetically develop in similar ways when exposed to similar ___   environments  
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directional selection is when the phenotypic norm of a particular species shifts towards an ___ to adapt to a selective pressure   extreme  
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genetic drift aka chance variation has a great effect in ___ population   smaller  
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homologous structures are similar in origin but not similar in ___   function  
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filtration in the kidneys where blood plasma enters the ____ through capillary walls surround bowman's capsule.   glomerulus  
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filtration in the kidneys is ___ with blood plasma   isotonic  
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secretion in the kidneys occur in the   nephron tubule  
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secretion in the kidneys secretes ___, ___ and __-   acid, base, ions  
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reabsorption in the kidneys secrete ___, ___ and ___   glucose, salts and amino acids  
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reabsorption in the kidneys reabsorbs filtrate and return to __   blood  
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reabsorption in the kidneys is ____ to blood   hypertonic  
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reabsorption in the kidneys occurs in the   proximal convoluted tubule  
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lowest solute of the osmolarity gradient in the kidneys to highest solute are ____ to ____   cortex to inner medulla  
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osmolarity gradient and concentration of urine are located in the   collecting tubule  
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osmolarity gradient collects ___, ___ and ___   water, salts and urea  
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concentration of urine in the medulla of the kidney is ___   hyperosmolar  
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sutures hold bones and ___ together   skull  
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ligaments serve as ____ to ____ connectors   bone to bone  
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insertion of a bone is the point of attachment of a ___ to ___ that moves   muscle to bone  
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flexion is ___ of a joint   bending  
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extension is ____ a joint   straightening  
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muscle tissue consist of bundles of specialized ___   contractile fibers  
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myofibrils in skeletal muscles are divided into ___   sarcomeres  
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myogenic means that they are capable of contracting without stimulus from nerve cells. examples include: __ and __   smooth and cardiac  
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cerebellum has to do with ___ coordination   motor. without cerebellum people can lose balance.  
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cerebrum deals with ___ and __   sensory and memory.  
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thymus is involved in development, maturing, and education of _ cells.   T  
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renin is in response to ____ in blood pressure and volume   decrease  
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