Key Terms
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| caregiver | a role that has traditionally included those activities that assist the client physically and psychologically
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| case manager | a nurse who works with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan and monitor outcomes.
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| change agent | a person who initiates change or assists others in making modifications in themselves or in the system
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| Clara Barton | a schoolteacher who volunteered as a nurse during the Civil War. Most notably, she organized the American Red Cross, which linked the International Red Cross when the US Congress ratified the Geneva Convention in 1882
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| client | a person who engages the advice or services of another person who is qualified to provide this service
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| client advocate | acts to protect the client; the nurse may represent the client's needs and wishes to other health professionals and may help them speak up for themselves
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| communicator | nurses identify client problems and then communicate these verbally or in writing to other members of the health team
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| consumer | an individual or group of people that use a service or commodity
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| counseling | the process of helping a client to recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems, to develop improved interpersonal relationshiups and to promote personal growth
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| demography | the study of population, including statistics about distribution of age and place of residence, mortality, and morbidity
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| diagnostic-related groups (DRGs) | a Medicare payments system to hopitals and physicians that establishes fees according to diagnosis
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| Dorothea Dix | woman leader who provided nursing care during the Civil War
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| Fabiola | a wealth Roman matron; viewed by some as the patron saint of early nursing who used her position and wealth to establish hospitals for the sick
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| Florence Nightingale | considered the founder of modern nursing, she was influential in developing nursing education, practice and administration
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| governance | the establishment and maintenance of social, political, and economic arrangements by which practitioners control their practice, self-discipline, working conditions, and professional affairs
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| Harriet Tubman | known as "the Moses of Her People", for her work with the Underground Railroad; during the Civile War, she nursed the sick and suffering of her own race
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| Knights of Saint Lazarus | an order of knights that dedicated themselves to the care of people with leprosy, syphilis and chronic skin conditions
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| Lavinia L. Dock | a nursing leader and suffragist who was active in the protest movement for women's rights that resulted in the US Constitution amendment allowing women to vote in 1920
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| leader | a person who influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal
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| Lillian Wald | founder of the Henry Street Settlement and Cisiting Nurse Sercive, which provided nursing and social services and organized educational and cultural scrivities ; considered the founder of public health nursing
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| Linda Richards | Amercia's first trained nurse
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| manager | one who is appointed to a position in an organization that gives the power to guide and direct the work of others
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| Margaret Higgins Sanger | considered the founder of Planned Parenthood, was imprisoned for opening the first birth control information clinic in Baltimore in 1916
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| Mary Breckinridge | a nurse who practices midwivery in England, Australia, and New Zealand; founded the Frontier Nursing Service in Kentucky in 1925 to provide family-centered primary health care to rural populations
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| Mary Mahoney | first African American professional nurse
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| patient | a person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care
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| Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) | legislation requiring that every competent adult be informed in writing on admission to a health care institution about his or her right to accept or refuse medical care and to use advance directives
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| profession | an occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge, skill, and preparation
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| professionalism | a set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility and commitment
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| professionalization | the process of becoming professional; acquiring characteristics considered to be a professional
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| Sairy Gamp | a character in the Charles Dickens book Martin Chizzlewit who represented the negative image of nurses in the early 1800s
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| socialization | a process by which a person learns the ways of a group or society in order to become a function participant
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| Sojourner Truth | an abolitionist, Underground Railroad agent, preacher, and women's rights advocate, she was a nurse for more than 4 years during the Civil War and worked as a nurse and counselor for the Freedman's Relief Association after the war
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| Standards of Practice | descriptions of the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable
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| Standards of Professional Performance | as set by the American Nurses Association (ANA), describe behaviors expected in the professional nursing role
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| teacher | a nurse who helps clients learn about their health and the health care procedures they need to perform to restore or maintain their health
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| telecommunications | the tranmission of information from one site to another, using equipment to transmit information in the forms of signs, signals, words, or pictures by cable, radio, or other systems
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