Types of diarrhea
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| diarrhea with blood & leukocytes; low-volume: causes? | invasive: Shigella spp; Campylobacter jejuni; Entamoeba histiolytica
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| X inflammation in bowel mucosa: high-volume diarrhea; Dx? | secretory; osmotic
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| loss of isotonic fluid; caused by laxative, enterotoxins, carcinoid syndrome: Dx? | secretory
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| causes of secretory diarrhea | laxatives: melanosis coli with use of phenanthracene laxatives; Vibrio cholerae & ETEC; ↑serotonin
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| loss of hypotonic salt solution: causes? | osmotic: disaccharidase deficiency; "Stunned gut" in giardiasis; ingestion of poorly absorbable solutes (magnesium sulfate laxatives)
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| fecal smear for leukocytes[-]; stool osmotic gap <50 mOsm/kg: Dx? | secretory
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| difference between secretory & osmotic screening test results | secretory: increased 5-HIAA due to carcinoid syndrome; gap < 50; osmotic: gap > 100
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