fluids and electrolytes
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| combining activity of an electrolyte | MILLIEQUIVALENT (mEq)
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| accumulation of trapped ECF in an acutal or potential body space | THIRD-SPACING
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| excess accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space | EDEMA
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| excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space throughout the body | GENERALIZED EDEMA (ANASARCA)
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| fluid inside the cell | INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT
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| fluid inside the blood vessel | INTRAVASCULAR COMPARTMENT
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| fluid outside the cell (interstitial fluid, blood lymph, bone, connective tissue, water, and transcellular fluid) | EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT
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| fluid between cells | INTERSTITIAL FLUID
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| fluid in various parts of the body (peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid) | TRANSCELLULAR FLUID
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| total body fluid of an adult (percent of body weight) | 60%
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| total body fluid of an older adult (percent of body weight) | 55%
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| total body fluid of an infant (percent of body weight) | 80%
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| largest single constituent of the body | WATER
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| subtances that do not dissociate ina solution | GLUCOSE, UREA, AND CREATININE
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| process where solute spreads the molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area o lower concentration | DIFFUSION
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| process where pressure draws the solvent from a less concentrated solute through a selectively permeable membrane into a more concentrated solute; tending to equalize the concentration of the solvent | OSMOSIS (OSMOTIC PRESSURE)(measure by milliosmoles - mOsm)
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| membrane that is permeable to water but not to all the solutes present | SELECTIVE OR SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE
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| movement of solutes and solvents by hydrostatic pressure | FILTRATION
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| force exerted by the weight of the solution; when a difference exists between two sides of a membrane, water and diffusable solutes move out of the solution that has the higher hydrostatic pressure through filtration | HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
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| refers to the number of osmotically active particles/kilogram of water; the concentration of the solution | OSMOLALITY
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| normal osmolality of plasma | 270-300 mOsm/kg water
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| when the solutions on both sides have established equilibrium | ISOTONIC SOLUTION
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| examples of isotonic solution | 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE5% DEXTROSE IN WATER5% DECTROSE IN 0.225% SALINERL SOLUTION
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| when a solution containes a lower concentration of salt or solute than another more concentrated solution (less salt, more water) | HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
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| examples of hypotonic solution | 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE0.225% SODIUM CHLORIDE0.33% SODIUM CHLORIDE
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| a solution that has a higher concetration of solutes than another less concentrated solution (more salt, less water) | HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
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| examples of hypertonic solution | 3% SODIUM CHLORIDE5% SODIUM CHLORIDE10% DEXTROSE IN WATER5% DEXTROSE IN 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE5% DEXTROSE IN 0.45% SIDUM CHLORIDE5% DEXTROSE IN RL SOLUTION
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| necessary to move an ion through a membrane from an area of lower concentration to a higher concentration | ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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| substances transported actively through a cell membrane | IONS OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, IRON AND HYDROGEN, SOME OF THE SUGARS, AND AMINO ACIDS
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| water lost through the skin | 400 ML/DAY
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| water lost through perspiration | 100 ML/DAY
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| water lost from the lungs | 350 ML/DAY
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| water lost through the feces | 150 ML/DAY
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| usual urine output | 1500 ML/DAY
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| average total amount of water taken in though orally ingested liquids, water in foods, and water formed by oxidation of foods | 2500 ML/DAY
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| secreted by the adrenal glands to control ECF volume by regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys | ALDOSTERONE
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| released by the pituitary gland to regulated the osmotic pressure of the ECF by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys | ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
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| water and dissolved electrolytes are lost in equal proportions; results in decreased circulating blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion | ISOTONIC DEHYDRATION (HYPOVOLEMIA)
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| water loss exceeds electrolyte loss; fluid moves from intracellular compartment into the plasma and interstitial fluid causing cellular dehydration and shrinkage - causes hyperactive DTRs and pitting edema | HYPERTONIC DEHYDRATION
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| electrolyte loss exceeds water loss; fluid moves from the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces into the cells causing plasma volume deficit and cells to swell - causes skeletal muscle weakness | HYPOTONIC DEHYDRATION
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| results from an excessive fluid in the extracellular fluid compartment; causes circulatory overload and interstitial edema - results in liver enlargement and ascited, can lead to CHF and PE | ISOTONIC OVERHYDRATION (HYPERVOLEMIA)
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| caused by excessive sodium intake; excess extracellular fluid volume | HYPERTONIC OVERHYDRATION
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| known as water intoxication; excessive fluid moves into the intracellular space; result of dilution- can lead to polyuria, diarrhea, nonpitting edema, dysrhythmias, projectile vomiting | HYPOTONIC OVERHYDRATION
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| normal range of sodium | 135-145 mEq/L
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| normal range of potassium | 3.5-5.1 mEq/L
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| normal range of calcium | 8.6-10.0 mg/dL
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| normal range of magnesium | 1.6-2.6 mg/dL
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| normal range of phosphate | 2.7-4.5 mg/dL
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| mineral element needed for bone formation, coagulation of blood, excitation of cardiac and skeletal muscle, maintenance of muscle tone, conduction of neuromuscular impulses and the synthesis and regulation of endocrine and exocrine glands | CALCIUM
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| concentrated in the bone, cartilage, and within the cell itself; required for the use of ATP as energy; necessary for carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, contraction of muscular tissue; neuromuscular activity, clotting mech | MAGNESIUM
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| principle electrolyte of intracellular fluid and primary buffer within the cell itself; needed for nerve conduction, muscle function, acid-base balance, and osmotic pressure; controls the rate and force of ontraction of the heart and thus cardiac output | POTASSIUM
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| needed for generation of bony tissue; helps in metabolsm of glucose and lipids; acid-base balance, storage and transfer of energy; has inverse relationship with calcium | PHOSPHORUS
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| abundant electrolte that maintains osmotic pressure and acid-base balance and transmits never impulses | SODIUM
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