PharmacologyHSC1149
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| any route other than GI tract | parenteral routes
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| parenteral administration can be understood more easily if purpose of administration or effects desired are considered as | systemic or local
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| effect affecting the body as a whole | systemic
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| administering drugs for the purpose of distribution of medication through circulatory system to area requiring treatment | goal of systemic effects
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| sublingual/buccal, transcutaneous/transdermal, inhalations, & injections | parenteral routes with systemic effects
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| limited to one location of body, with very little (if any) effect on rest of the body | local effects
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| topical medications, drugs applies to mucous membranes to treat that specific tissue, & medications instilled in the eyes or the ears. | parenteral routes with local effects
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| medications absorbed this way are unaffected by stomach, intestines, or liver; absorption is rapid, & used frequently when quick response is required | buccal/sublingual system
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| deliver medication to body by absorption through skin; absorption slower but action is more prolonged than with other administration methods | transcutaneous/transdermal system
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| inhalation system is frequently administered for those patients with | chronic pulmonary conditions
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| metered dose inhalers (MDI) are provided for __ of medications | self-administration
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| intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) therapy is administered by | trained personnel
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| rapid action with local effects, potent drugs in small amounts minimizing side effects, & convenience & comfort of patient are advantages of | inhalation therapy
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| inhalation therapy requires cooperation of the patient in __ __ __ for effectiveness | proper breathing techniques
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| a disadvantage of inhalation therapy is that adverse systemic side effects may result rapidly because of extensive __ capacity of the lungs | absorption
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| if improperly/too frequently administered, inhalations can lead to __ of trachea or bronchi, or __ | irritation; bronchospasm
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| asthmatic & COPD patients sometimes become __ on small-volume nebulizers or MDI | dependent
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| if not cleaned properly, the small-volume nebulizer can be a | source of infection
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| portable, easy to use, proper administration essential for drug effectiveness, & full canister provides approx. 200 puffs of medication | metered dose inhaler (MDI)
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| older patients may find MDIs difficult because of the coordination of depression of canister while inhaling | at the same time
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| can be added to MDIs to act as a reservoir for the aerosol, allowing patient to first depress canister & then inhale | spacer
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| many drugs for respiratory system may be delivered in __ form via small-volume nebulizer | aerosol
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| powered by a gas source, usually small air compressor, in home care setting; proper breathing techniques must be used by patient | small-volume nebulizer
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| when using small-volume nebulizers patients should be cautioned that dizziness may occur is they | hyperventilate
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| small-volume nebulizers should be rinsed with mild soapy water, and then soaked for 20-30 minutes in solution of 2 parts water & one part | vinegar
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| combines administration of aerosol with mechanical breather to assist patients who are unable to take a deep breath on their own | intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB)
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| the goal of IPPB treatment is to aid in __ __ the loosened secretions | coughing up
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| outer, hollow cylinder that holds medication; contains calibrations for measuring quantity of medication | barrel of syringe
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| inner, solid rod that fits snugly into cylinder; pulling back draws solution into syringe; pushing forward ejects solution from syringe | plunger of syringe
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| portion that holds the needle; most are plain; some contain metal attachment at tip called Luer-Lok, keeping needle in place | tip of syringe
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| flared end that fits on tip of the syringe | hub of needle
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| long, hollow tube embedded in the hub | shaft of needle
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| 1/2, 3/8 & 5/8" needles used for | intradermal or subcutaneous
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| 1-1/2 & 2" needles used for | intramuscular
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| depends on type of injection & size of patient | length of needle
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| size of lumen through the needle, or diameter of shaft; numbered in reverse order (larger # = tinner/smaller) | gauge
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| determined by site of injection & viscosity of solution | size of gauge
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| pointed end with beveled edge | tip of needle
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| type of syringe is determined by __ & __ | medication & dosage
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| used most frequently for subcutaneous/intramuscular, calibrated/marked cc or mL & minims | standard syringe
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| standard syringe size of 3mL or 2-1/2mL is the __ __ | most common
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| 5-50mL are the __ of standard syringes | larger
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| syringe used for intradermal injections of very small amounts of a substance | tuberculin (TB) syringe
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| tuberculin (TB) syringe also used for subcutaneous injections when __ __ 1mL is ordered | less than
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| tuberculin (TB) syringe calibrated in lengths of a __ & in __ | milliliter; minims
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| tuberculin (TB) syringe holds __ of 1cc or 1mL | total
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| insulin syringe used only for insulin injections & calibrated in __ | units
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| 100 units of insulin is __ __ 1mL | equal to
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| U-100 is the __ commonly used today | size
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| standard U-100 syringe has a __ scale | dual
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| U-100 syringe has even numbers on one side and __ __ on the other side | odd numbers
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| on a U-100 syringe count each calibration as | two units
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| in the Lo-Dose syringe, smaller insulin syringe, each calibration counts as | one unit
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| all insulin injection should be checked, prior to administration, by | two caregivers
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| premeasured amount of drug contained in syringe | prefilled syringes
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| after an injection the syringe should be discarded with needle attached and | uncapped
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| premeasured amount of medication contained in disposable cartridge | prefilled cartridges
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| in prefilled cartridges units are made ready for __ by placing the cartridge in the holder | injections
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| prefilled cartridges can be used to access __ ___ __ or a needle can be attached to administer IM or subQ injections | needleless IV system
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| when drawing up medications for injections it is necessary to draw air into syringe equal to __ __ __ being withdrawn from the vial | amount of solution
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| the air drawn into syringe, when drawing up medication for injection, should be | injected into vial
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| for IM injections a small amount of __ can be added to syringe | air
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| only sterile needles are to be | recapped
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| intradermal injections are usually administered into the skin on the inner surface of | lower arm
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| upper chest & back areas may be used for | allergy testing
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| for intradermal injections you should hold person's forearm in your non-dominant hand and | stretch surface taut
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| should be less than 10-15degree angle | transdermal injections
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| subQ injections are administered into | fatty tissues
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| no more than 2mL of medication may be administered | subQ
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| if patient is receiving frequent injections be sure to | rotate injection sites
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| needle should be inserted at 45 degree angle for __ injections | subcutaneous
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| 90 degree angle may be used for subQ injections w/a 3/8" needle, if there is sufficient | subcutaneous tissue
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| 90 degree angle may be used for subQ injections of | insulin & heparin
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| administered deep into large muscles | IM injections
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| upper outer quadrant of buttock (preferred site for adults) | dorsogluteal
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| above & to outside of buttock area, on hip | ventrogluteal
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| upper outer arm above axilla | deltoid
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| front of thigh toward outside of leg | vastus lateralis
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| front of lower thigh toward midline of leg | rectus femoris
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| up to 3mL, maximum of 1mL in children, can be administered via __ injection | IM
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| in IM injections absorption is more rapid because the muscle tissue is | more vascular
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| 1" needle for IM injections can be used on | children or thin adults
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| 1-1/2" needle for IM injections is standard | for most adults
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| 2" needle for IM injections might be required for | obese person
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| in addition to upper outer arms & abdomen, subcutaneous injections can be given on front of __ & __ __ | thigh & upper back
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| following administration of eye drops, health care workers should apply gentle pressure on the patient's | inner canthus
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| when drawing up medication from an ampule __ __should be drawn into syringe | no air
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| assessment important for health care worker to conduct before administering transdermal medication to a patient | condition of skin
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| when administering heparin the health care worker should modify the subcutaneous technique by | avoiding aspiration of syringe
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| use sterile gloves to apply medications, cover with sterile dressing, & apply gently is the procedure to applying topical medications to | patient with burns
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| if eyes drops & ointment are ordered for same time, health care worker should instill __ __ 1st, wait 5 minutes, & then apply __ | eye drops; ointment
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| sublingual administration requires patient to hold medication under tongue, avoid swallowing & not to | eat or drink until absorbed
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| when using the Z-track for IM injections the injection site | should not be massaged
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| medications prescribed for a variety of skin conditions are classified as | topical
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| when applying medication to patient;s mucous membranes the health care worker should always follow instructions that __ __, unless otherwise directed by physician | accompany medication
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