Southeastern Institute A&P 3. Integumentary System
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| Protection | The integumentary system uses the skin to act as a physical ,biological, and chemical barrier
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| Absorption | The integumentary system can take in fat-soluble substances I.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide, vitamins A,D,E,& K, steroids, resins of certain plants, organic solvents, and salts of heavy metals
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| Sensation | The integumentary system can be an extension of the nervous system, receives stimuli such as pressure, pain, & temperature
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| Temperature Regulation | Blood vessels in the dermis regulate the flow of the blood thus controlling the release of heat or maintaining heat in the body
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| Waste elimination | Sweat is an example
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| Vitamin D Synthesis | Molecules that are converted by the UV rays in sunlight to vitamin D
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| Immunity | Specialized cells, called Langerhans cells, they function along with helper Tcells to trigger useful immunological reactions
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| Epidermis | Layer of skin found above the dermis
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| Keratinocytes | Waterproofing cells
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| Melanocytes | Cells that produce melanin, skin pigment, contributes to color of skin, iris of eyes, & hair
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| Langerhans Cells | Work with helper T cells, they trigger immune reactions in certain pathological conditions
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| Stratum germinativum | Deepest layer of the epidermis
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| Merkel disks | Located in the epidermis, responds to light touch and discriminative touch
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| Stratum spinosum | “Prickly layer”, contains cells from both stratum germinativum and stratum granulosum
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| Stratum granulosum | Layer containing an accumulation of keratin granules. 3 to 5 cells deep, marks the beginning of change before the drying of the tissue
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| Stratum lucidum | Epidermal layer found in thick skin of the hands and feet
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| Stratum corneum | Outer most layer of the skin, cells no longer living, completely keratinized, ready to be sloughed off
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| Dermis | Hide, the true skin
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| Collagen | Makes up about 70% of the dermis, offers support to the nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles and glands
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| Elastin | Fibers found in collagen which gives the skin its elasticity and resilience
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| Hair follicles | Pouch like structures in the skin from which hair grows
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| Arrector pili | Muscles attached to the hair follicle that contract when you are cold or experiencing emotions such as fright or anxiety
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| Sebaceous glands | Oil glands, secrete sebum
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| Sudoriferous glands | Sweat glands, secretes sweat or perspiration
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| Meissner corpuscles | Mediates sensations of discriminative touch such as light vs. deep pressure, low-frequency vibration, most numerous in hairless areas such as nipples, fingertips, and lips
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| Pacinian corpuscles | Located in the deeper dermal layer, mainly of hands, feet, and joint capsules, they respond quickly to crude and deep pressure, vibration, stretch & perceive proprioceptive information about joint position
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| Hair Root Plexus | Hair follicle receptors, light-touch receptors that detect hair movement
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| Nociceptors | Free nerve ends
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| Subcutaneous Layer | Superficial fascia or hypodermis found below the dermis
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| Ruffini End Organs | Heat receptors
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| Krause’s End Bulbs | Cold receptors
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| Eccrine Sweat Glands | Most numerous sweat glands
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| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Sweat glands located in subcutaneous layer in the axillary region, areola of the breast, and pigmented skin around the anus that become active at adolescents
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| Ceruminous Glands | Modified apocrine glands that release its secretion of the surface of the external ear canal
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| Nails | Heavily keratinized, non living tissue, forms thin surfaces at distal ends of digits
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| Mole Changes “A” | Asymmetrical
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| Mole Changes “B” | Borders are uneven
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| Mole Changes “C” | Colors vary with different shade of black or brown
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| Mole Changes “D” | Diameter larger than a pencil eraser
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| Mole Changes “E” | Elevated
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| Mole Changes “F” | Fast growing
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