Chapter 13-DNA
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| trisomy | The presence of an extra chromosome; organisms possessing this mutation often do survive into maturity.
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| translation | The process in which the order of the bases in mRNA codes for the order of amino acids in a protein.
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| messenger RNA | Carries protein synthesis information from DNA to the ribosomes.
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| replication | The process in which the two stands of the double helix separate and bases pair with free nucleotides to form two molecules of DNA, each identical to the original molecule.
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| nitrogen base | A component of DNA or RNA along with a sugar and a phosphate group; can be adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil.
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| mutation | A random error or change in the DNA sequence that may affect whole chromosomes or just one gene.
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| ribosomal RNA | The nucleic acid that acts as an enzyme, sticking amino acids together.
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| double helix | In DNA, the two twisted, ladder-shaped nucleotide strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases.
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| codon | In the genetic code, the set of three nitrogen bases representing a specific amino acid.
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| nondisjunction | Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis, resulting in gametes with too few or too many chromosomes.
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| monosomy | Absence of a chromosome; most organisms with this mutation do not survive.
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| transfer RNA | Delivers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
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| point mutation | A mistake in DNA where only one base is changed. ex.sickle cell anemia.
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| chromosomal mutation | When very large segments of DNA are swapped, inverted, lost or gained causing a severe genetic problem
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| frameshift mutation | a deletion or addition of nitrogenous bases causing translation to shift down or back.
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| transcription | The process where mRNA takes the code to the ribosomes.
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