Common Chemistry Tests
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| Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) | LIVER -->marked elevations point to liver disease; used for monitoring liver treatment
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| Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) | LIVER-->increased values in hepatic carcinoma; elevation of AFP in prenatal screening indicates neural tube disorder
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| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | LIVER or BONE-->elevated ALP levels because of biliary obstruction and bone disease
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| Ammonia | LIVER-->increased blood levels indicate cirrhosis and hepatitis
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| Amylase | PANCREAS & LIVER-->increased levels of this enzyme diagnostic of acute pancreatitis; decreased values associated with liver disease' cholecystitis, and advanced cystic fibrosis
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| Aspartate Amino-Transferase (AST) | LIVER or HEART-->increase in enzyme indicative of liver dysfunction; significant increase following myocardial infarction
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| Bilirubin | LIVER-->increased levels in the bloodstream point to red cell destruction and liver dysfunction
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| Blood Gases (ABG) | KIDNEYS, LUNGS-->measures pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) to evaluate the acid-base balance
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| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | KIDNEY-->elevated values because of impaired renal function from toxins, inflammation, or obstruction
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| Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) | NONSPECIFIC-->increased in the cases of malignancy, effective in the early detection of colorectal cancer
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| Calcium | BONE-->increased levels associated with diseases of the bone; used in monitoring effects of renal failure
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| Cholesterol (total) | HEART-->indicative of high risk for cardiovascular disease
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| Cortisol | ADRENALS-->elevated levels signify adrenal hyperfunction (Cushings syndrome); decreased levels indicate adrenal hypofunction (Addison's disease)
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| Creatine Kinase (CK) | HEART or MUSCLE-->elevated values point to muscle damage (i.e., myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, or strenuous exercise)
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| Creatinine | KIDNEY--> increased levels indicate renal impairment; decreased levels associated with muscular dystrophy
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| Drug Analysis | values monitored to maintain therapeutic range and avoid toxic levels for drugs such as barbiturates, digoxin, gentamicin, lithium, primidone, phenytoin, salicylates, theophylline, or tobramycin
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| Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2) | KIDNEY, ADRENALS, HEART-->sodium values, increased in disorders of the kidney and adrenals; decreased values of potassium seen in irregular heartbeat; chloride values are increased in kidney and adrenal disorders and decreased in diarrhea
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| Glucose | PANCREAS-->elevated levels signify diabetic problems; decreased values support liver disease and malnutrition
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| Glycosylated Hemoglobin | PANCREAS-->glycohemoglobin level shows what type of diabetic control has occurred over the past several months
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| Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | LIVER--> elevated values assist in the diagnosis of liver problems, specific for hepatobiliary problems
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| Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) | HEART, LUNGS, LIVER--> elevated levels confirm acute myocardial infarction; chronic lung, kidney, and liver dysfunction
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| Lipase | PANCREAS--> increased levels in acute pancreatitis, pancreatic carcinoma, and obstruction
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| Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) | PROSTATE-->performed to screen patients for the presence of prostate cancer, monitor progression of disease and the response of the patient to treatment
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| Total Protein | LIVER or KIDNEY-->low levels point to liver and kidney disorders; elevated levels may occur with multiple myeloma and dehydration
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| Triglycerides | HEART-->increased values indicate lipid metabolism disorders and serve as an index for evaluating atherosclerosis possibilities
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| Uric Acid | KIDNEY--> elevated levels found in renal disorders and gout
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| Vitamin B12 & Folate | LIVER-->decreased levels indicate anemias and disease of the small intestine
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