chapter 15
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| Social Psychology | The branch of psychology that studies our social nature- how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other influences our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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| social cognition | the processes involved in perceiving, interpreting, and acting on social information
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| impression formation | the way in which we integrate information about another's traits into a coherent sense of who the person is
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| schema | a mental framework or body of knowledge that organizes and synthesizes information about a person, place, or thing
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| central traits | personality attributes that organize and influence the interpretation of other traits
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| primary effect | the tendency to form impressions of people based on the first information we receive about them
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| self-concept | self-identity. ones knowledge, feelings, and ideas about oneself
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| self | a person's distinct individuality
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| self-schema | a mental framework that represents and synthesizes information about oneself; a cognitive structure that organizes the knowledge, feelings, and ideas that constitute the self- concept
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| cross-cultural psychology | a branch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior
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| attribution | the process by which people infer the cause of other people's behavior
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| external factors | people, events, and other stimuli in an individual's environment that can affect his or her thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors
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| internal factors | an individual's traits, needs, and intentions, which can affect his or her thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors
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| consensual behavior | behavior that is shared by many people; behaviors that is similar from one person to the next. to the extent that people engage in the same behavior, their behavior is consensual
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| distinctiveness | the extent to which a person behaves differently toward different people, events, or other stimuli
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| consistency | the extent to which a person's behavior is consistent across time toward another person, and event, or a stimulus
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| fundamental attribution error | the tendency to overestimate the significance of internal factors and underestimate the significance of external factors explaining other people's behavior
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| belief in a just world | the belief that people get what they deserve in life; a fundamental attribution error
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| actor-observer effect | the tendency to attribute one's own behavior to external factors but others to internal factors
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| self-serving bias | the tendency to attribute our accomplishments and successes to internal causes and our failure and mistakes to external causes
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| false consensus | the tendency of a person to perceive his or her own response as a representation of a general consensus
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| representativeness heuristic | a general rule for decisions making by which people classify a person, place, or thing into the category to which it appears to be the most similar
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| base-rate fallacy | the failure to consider the likelihood that a person, place, or this is a member of a particular category based on the basis of mathematical probabilities
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| availability heuristic | a general rule for decisions making by which a person judges the likelihood of importance of and event by ease with which examples of that event come to mind
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| attitude | an evaluator of persons, places, or things
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| mere exposure effect | the formation of a positive attitude toward a person, place, or thing based solely on repeated exposure to that person, place, or thing.
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| elaboration likelihood model | a model that explains the effectiveness of persuasion. The central route requires the person to think critically about an argument and the peripheral route entails the association of the argument with something positive
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| cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that changes in attitude can be motivated by an unpleasant state of tension caused by a disparity between a person's beliefs or attitudes and his or her behaviour
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| compliance | engaging in particular behavior at another person's request
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| self-perception theory | the theory that we come to understand our attitudes and emotions by observing our own behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs
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| prejudice | a preconcieved opinion or bias; especially, a negative attitude or evaluation toward a group of people defined by their racial, ethnic, or religious heritage or by their gender, occupation, sexual orientation, level of education, place of residence
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| stereotype | an overgeneralized and false belief about the characteristics of members of a particular group
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| discrimination | the differential treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group
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| illusory correlation | an apparent correlation between two distinctive elements that does not actually exist
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| illusion of out group homogeneity | a belief that members of group to which one does not belong are very similar to one another
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| stereotype self-fulfilling prophecy | a stereotype-based expectancy that causes a person to act in a manner consistent with the stereotype
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| group | a collection of individuals who generally have common interests and goals
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| social norms | informal rules defining the expected and appropriate behavior in specific situations
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| conformity | the adoption of attitudes and behaviors shared by a particular group of people
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| bystander intervention | the intervention of person in situation that appears to require his or her aid
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| diffusion of responsibility | an explanation of the failure of bystander intervention stating that when several bystanders are present, no one persons assumes responsibility for helping
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| social facilitation | the enhancement of task performance caused by the mere presence of others
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| social loafing | the decreased effort put forth by individuals when performing a task with other people
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| group polarization | the tendency for initial position of a group to become exaggerated during the discussion preceding a a decision
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| groupthink | the tendency to avoid dissent in the attempt to achieve group consensus in the course of decision making
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| meta-analysis | a statistical procedure by which the results of many studies are combined to estimate the magnitude of a particular effect
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| interpersonal attraction | people's tendency to approach each other and to evaluate each other positivity
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| liking | a feeling of personal regard, intimacy, esteem toward another person
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| loving | a combination of liking and a deep sense of attachment to intimacy with, and caring for another person
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| passionate | an emotional, intense desire for sexual union with another person; also called romantic love
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| companionate love | love that is characterized by a deep, enduring affection and caring for another person, accompanied by a strong desire to maintain the relationship
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