Congress
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| Bicameral Legislature | A lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts.
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| Filibuster | An attempt to defeat a bill in the Senate by talking indefinitely, thus preventing the Senate from taking action to the bill.
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| Marginal Districts | Political districts in which candidates elected to the H.O.R. win in close elections, typically by less than 55% of the vote.
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| Safe Districts | Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55% or more.
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| Conservative Coalition | An alliance between Republican and conservative Democrats.
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| Majority Leader | The legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or the Senate.
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| Minority Leader | The legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or the Senate.
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| Party Whip | A senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking.
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| Party Polarization | A vote where a majority of Democratic legislators oppose a majority of Republican legislators.
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| Party Caucus | An association of Congress members created to advance a political ideology or a regional, ethnic, or economic interest in a specific party.
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| Standing Committees | Permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area.
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| Select Committees | Congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose.
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| Joint Committees | Committees on which both senators or representatives serve.
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| Conference Committees | A joint committee to resolve differences in the Senate and House versions of the same bill.
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| Public Bill | A legislative bill that deals with matters of general concern.
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| Private Bill | A legislative bill that deals only with specific private, personal, or local matters.
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| Simple Resolution | An expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body.
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| Concurrent Resolution | An expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and the Senate, but not the president.
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| Joint Resolution | A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of Congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president.
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| Multiple Referral | A congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several committees.
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| Sequential Referral | A congressional process by which a Speaker may send a bill to a second committee after the first is finished acting.
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| Discharge Petition | A device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had the bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor.
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| Closed Rule | An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor.
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| Open Rule | An order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor.
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| Restrictive Rule | An order from the H.R.C. that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the floor.
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| Quorum | The minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress.
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| Quorum Call | A roll call in either House of Congress to see whether the minimum number of representatives required to conduct business is present.
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| Cloture Rule | A rule used by the Senate to end of limit a debate.
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| Double-Tracking | A procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business.
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| Voice Vote | A congressional voting procedure in which members shout "yea" in approval or "nay" in disapproval, permitting members to vote quickly or anonymously on bills.
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| Division Vote | A congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted.
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| Teller Vote | A congressional voting procedure in which members pass between two tellers, the "yeas" first and the "nays" second.
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| Roll-Call Vote | A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names.
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| Pork-Barrel Legislation | Legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return.
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| Franking Privilages | Their ability of members to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage.
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| Congressional Caucus | Growing rival caucus of parties as a source of political leadership.
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| Gerrymandering | Drawing a district boundary or in a shape to make it easy for one party to dominate or win elections in that district.
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| Malapportionment | District of unequal population allows people and votes to be more valuable than others.
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| House Rules Committee | Reviews most bills and adopts a rule that governs the procedures under which they will be considered by the House.
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| Parliament | An assembly of party representatives who choose a government and discuss major national issues.
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| Strict Party Vote | 90% of the vote is party.
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| Loose Party Vote | 50/50 vote. (Party and themselves)
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| Markup Session | The process by which congressional committees and subcommittees debate, amend, and rewrite proposed legislation.
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| Party Vote | Party vote is unanimous.
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| "Christmas Tree" Bill | Informal nomenclature for a bill on the Senate floor that attracts many, often unrelated, floor amendments. The amendments which adorn the bill may provide special benefits to various groups or interests.
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| Riders | Informal term for a nongermane amendment to a bill or an amendment to an appropriation bill that changes the permanent law governing a program funded by the bill.
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| Seniority System | The status given Senators according to their length of service, which entitles a Senator with greater seniority to preferential treatment in matters such as committee assignments.
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| Reconciliation Process | A legislative device employed by the U.S. Senate to end a filibuster, close debate and pass controversial budget bills, thereby circumventing the three-fifths rule.
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| Earmarks | Legislative provisions that directs approved funds to be spent on specific projects or that directs specific exemptions from taxes or mandated fees.
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| Sophomore Surge | An increase in the votes congressional candidates usually get when they first run for re-election.
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| Substantive Representation | Describes the tendency of representatives to advocate for certain groups.
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| Majority-Minority District | A term used to describe a U.S. state or other jurisdiction whose racial composition is less than 50% white.
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| Descriptive Representation | The idea that candidates in democratic elections should be elected to represent ethnic and gender constituencies, as well as other minority interest groups, rather than the population at large.
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| Congressional Budget Office(CBO) | Provides information on the costs of proposed policies on the congressional end.
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| Congressional Research Service(CRS) | Responds to cpngressional requests for information and now employs nearly 900 people, with advanced training, to respond to more than 1/4 million questions a year.
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