nasm -ces 3
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| small cells that reduce motor neuron discharge through a feedback circuit involving axon collaterals that excite interneurons. The system prevents rapid repeated firing of motor neurons. | Renshaw cells
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| powerful modulators of motor neuron excitability. | Recurrent inhibitory pathway
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| can both inhibit homologous motor neurons and disinhibit antagonists. | Renshaw cell activation
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| ("instability") | Dynamic malalignment
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| The mechanical axis of the lower limb in the frontal plane is defined | as a line drawn from the centre of the femoral head to the centre of the ankle joint.
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| individuals with upper -extremity movement impairments syndrome are usually characterized as having | rounded shoulders and head forward posture
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| individuals with lower -extremity movement impairments syndrome are usually characterized as having | excessive pronantion (flat feet), increased knee valgus (knocked knee) increased movement at the LPHC during movement
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| qqqqq | rr
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| a combination of pain in the neck and shoulder, numbness and tingling of the fingers, and a weak grip. | thoracic outlet syndrome
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| is the area between the rib cage and collar bone. | thoracic outlet
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| is an inflammatory process of the long head of the biceps tendon and is a common cause of shoulder pain due to its position and function. | biceps tendinitis,
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| This muscle is a powerful supinator and flexor of the forearm. | biceps
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| tendon passes down the bicipital groove in a fibrous sheath between the subscapularis and supraspinatus tendons. | The long head of the biceps
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| biceps tendon shares the associated inflammatory process within the | suprahumeral joint.
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| holds the biceps tendon long head within the bicipital groove. | transverse humeral ligament
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| the most commonly injured joint | ankle
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| posterior tendentious is better known as | skin splints
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| concept where one or more synergists take over function for a prime mover is called | Synergistic Dominance.
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| groups of muscles that contract together to accomplish the same body movement. | synergistic muscles
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| Muscles having similar and mutually helpful functions or actions. | synergistic muscles
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| Muscles that oppose each other are called | antagonistic muscles.
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| these muscles must oppose the action of an agonist muscle so that movement can occur. | Antagonist muscles
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| when the biceps brachii on the front of the upper arm contracts and shortens (agonist), the muscle must relax and lengthen (antagonist) so that the arm can flex. | triceps brachii
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| The ability to sense stimuli arising within the body. | Proprioception:
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| is where it attaches to the bone furthest from the center of the body. | insertion
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| When the muscle contracts, it shortens and pulls on the bone. To return the bone to where it started, the reciprocal muscle on the other side of the bone | must contract and shorten.
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| This "reciprocal" synergy between muscle groups is sometimes called | the agonist/antagonistic system.
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| Eccentric contractions can also make you sorer than concentric contractions, probably because of the greater force generated and because | of the simultaneous lengthening and shortening of the muscle.
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| The relationship between the length of a muscle and the contractile tension that it can exert. | length-tension relationship
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| splits body vertically into left and right sections | Sagittal plane:
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| splits body vertically into front & back sections | Frontal plane:
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| splits body into top & bottom sections | Transverse plane:
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| axis): perpendicular to the sagittal plane | Transverse axis (mediolateral axis)
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| perpendicular to the frontal plane | Anteroposterior axis:
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| axis: perpendicular to the transverse plane | Longitudinal
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| anteriorly directed motion of head, trunk, upperarm, forearm & thigh - posteriorly directed motion of shank - decrease of joint angle - palmar / plantar / dorsi | Flexion/extension:
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| Frontal Plane Motion - Abduction / adduction: moves away from/closer to body midline - Lateral flexion: trunk - - Radial / ulnar deviation: hand | Frontal Plane Motion
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| Inversion / eversion: inward/outward rotation of the sole of the foot | frontal plane motion
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| Elevation / depression: scapula (shoulder girdle) | frontal plane motion
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| Transverse Plane Motion - Medial/lateral rotation: rotation toward/away from midline on the body - Left/right rotation: head, neck & trunk - | frontal plane motion
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| - Horizontal adduction/abduction: arm | frontal plane motion
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| Pronation/supination: forearm | frontal plane motion
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| taking a limb away from the midline of the body | Abduction
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| is moving a limb closer to the midline of the body. | adduction
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| side lateral raises, side lunge and side bends example of what plane of motion. | Frontal Plane
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| forward or backward movements and up/down movements relative to the body and or joint happen in what plane? | The movements or motion associated with the saggital plane
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| are walking/running, seated row, bicep curl, chest press (plane) | exercises which are associated with saggital plane
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| movements are rotational | Transverse plane
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| swinging a bat, throwing, cable rotations golfing examples of exercises in the | transverse plane
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| In muscular movement, the simultaneous relaxation of one muscle and the contraction of its antagonist. | reciprocal inhibition
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| A process that inhibits the stretch reflex in antagonistic pairs of muscles. When one muscle contracts it sends inhibitory nerve impulses to its opposing muscle causing it to relax. | reciprocal inhibition
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| the inward roll of the foot during normal motion and occurs as the outer edge of the heel strikes the ground and the foot rolls inward and flattens out. | Pronation
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| occurs when the foot arch flattens out and stretches the muscles, tendons and ligaments underneath the foot. | excessive pronation
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| refers to the outward roll of the foot during normal motion. | Supination
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| places a large strain on the muscles and tendons that stabilize the ankle, and can lead to the ankle rolling completely over, resulting in an ankle sprain or total ligament rupture. | excessive supination (outward rolling)
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| muscle contractions are generally isometric contractions that act to support the trunk, limit movement in a joint, or control balance." | stabilizing
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| is responsible for stabilizing the individual spinal segments. | transversus/multifidus,
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| consists primarily of the latissimus dorsi and the contralateral gluteus maximus | The Posterior Oblique System (PS)
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| consists of a working relationship between the oblique abdominal muscles and the contralateral adductor musculature and the intervening anterior abdominal fascia | Anterior Oblique System (AS)
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| consists of a working relationship between the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and ipsilateral adductors. | The Lateral System (LS
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| transfers forces from transverse plane movement to help with forward propulsion. | Posterior Oblique Subsystem
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| is made up of the gluteus maximus, contralateral latissimus dorsi and the thoracolumbar fascia. | Posterior Oblique Subsystem
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| The fiber arrangements of these muscles run perpendicular to the sacroiliac joint, in which subsystem | Posterior Oblique Subsystem
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| in this subsystem contralateral gluteus maximus and latissimus dorsi muscles contact, they create a stabilizing force for the SI joint. | Posterior Oblique Subsystem
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| subsystem that helps in rotational movements such as swinging a golf club, a baseball bat, or throwing a ball. | Posterior Oblique Subsystem
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| in which subsystem improtant component of forward movement - when we walk and run, | Posterior Oblique Subsystem
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| transfers forces from transverse plane movement to help with forward propulsion. | Posterior Oblique Subsystem
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| subsystem is a group of muscles that help support lateral or side to side stability, | The lateral subsystem
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| made up of the Quadratus Lumborum, Glute Medius, Tensor Fascia Latea, and the Adductor complex. | The lateral subsystem
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| these muscles create an "X" shape from one side of your lower back, across your pelvis, and down the opposite leg. | The lateral subsystem
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| his muscle grouping is taxed for its lateral stability during the backswing and downswing phases. | The lateral subsystem
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| Provides a reciprocal force transmission longitudinally from the trunk to the ground. | deep longitudinal subsystem
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| erector spinae, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrotuberous ligament, and biceps femoris make up the | deep longitudinal subsystem
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| This spindle-shaped receptor is sensitive to skin stretch, and contributes to the kinesthetic sense of and control of finger position and movement | Ruffini ending
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| are located in the deep layers of the skin, and register mechanical deformation within joints, more specifically angle change, with a specificity of up to 2 degrees, as well as continuous pressure states | Ruffini endings
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| one of the four major types of mechanoreceptor. They are nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to pain and pressure. | Pacinian corpuscles
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| detect gross pressure changes and vibrations and are rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors | Pacinian corpuscles
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| cause action potentials when the skin is rapidly indented but not when the pressure is steady, due to the layers of connective tissue that cover the nerve ending | Pacinian corpuscles
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| is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle. | Golgi tendon organ
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| Agents that act as blood vessel dilators (vasodilators) and open vessels by relaxing their muscular walls. | Vasodilators:
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| a thinfan-shaped ligament on each side of the body that is attached above to the posterior superior and posterior inferior iliac spines and to the sacrum and coccyx, | sacrotuberous ligament
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| during squat: if the ankle is restricted what will move more | hip
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| the lack of sagittal plane dorsiflexion at the ankle is due to | overactive gastrocnemius and soleus and underactive anterior tibialis
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| LPHC compensates for the lack of ankle dorsiflexion by | increasing forward flexion to alter the body's center of gravity to maintain balance
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| – The sensory system that responds to changes in head and body movement through space, and that coordinates movements of the eyes, head, and body. Receptor site is in the inner ear. | Vestibular
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| The unconscious awareness of sensations coming from one’s joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments; the “position sense”. Receptor sites are in the joints and the muscles. | Proprioception -
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| The amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle. | tonus
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| One of the two concavities above (superior) and below (inferior) the pedicle of a vertebra; the notches of two adjacent vertebrae (plus the intervertebral disc) form an intervertebral foramen. | Incisura vertebralis
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| originating within the body (synonym: autogenous) (antonym: heterogenous) | autogenic
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| Having a greater degree of tone or tension. | hypertonic
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| ability |
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