Bio205 Exam 2 Definitions
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| Psychrophiles | A cold loving microbe. Microbe that grows best at about 15C and does not grow about 20C
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| Mesophiles | A moderate temperature loving microbe. Microbe that grows between about 10C and 50C
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| Thermophiles | A heat loving microbe. optimum growth temperature is between 50C and 60C
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| Minimum growth temperature | The lowest temperature at which a species will grow
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| Optimum growth temperature | The temperature at which a species will grow best
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| Maximum growth temperature | The temperature at which a species can grow
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| Hyperthermophiles | Microbe whose optimum growth temp.is at least 80C. Extreme thermophile
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| Acidophiles | A bacterium that grows below pH 4
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| Plasmolysis | Loss of water from a cell in a hypertonic environment
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| Extremeophiles | Microbe that lives in extremes of temperature, acidity, alkalinity, salinity, or pressure
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| Obligate halophiles | Organism that requires high osmotic pressures such as high concentrations of NaCl
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| Faculative halophiles | An organism capable of growth in, but not requiring 1-2% salt
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| Halophiles | An organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth
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| Nitrogen fixation | The conversion of nitrogen into ammonia
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| Trace elements | A chemical element required in small amounts for growth
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| Obligate aerobes | An organism that requires molecular oxygen to live
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| Faculative anaerobes | An organism that can live with or without molecular oxygen
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| Singlet Oxygen | Highly reactive molecular oxygen
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| Superoxide radicals | A toxic anion (O2-) with an unpaired electron
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| Superoxide dismutase | An enzyme that destroys superoxide
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| Peroxide Anion | An oxygen anion consisting of two atoms of oxygen
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| Catalase | An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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| Peroxidase | An enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide
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| Ozone | O3
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| Hydroxyl radical | A toxic form of oxygen made in cytoplasm by ionizing radiation and aerobic respiration
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| Aerotolerant anaerobes | Organism that does not use molecular oxygen but is not affected by it’s presence
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| Microaerophiles | Organism that grows best in environments with less oxygen than is normally found in air
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| Organic growth factors | An essential organic growth compound that an organism is unable to synthesize
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| Biofilms | A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface
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| Culture Medium | The nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganism in a laboratory
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| Culture | Microorganisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium
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| Inoculum | A culture medium in which microorganisms are implanted
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| Binary fission | Prokayrotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells
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| Budding | Asexual;starts as a protrudence from the parent cell that grows to become a daughter cell
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| Bacterial growth curve | A graph indicating the growth of a bacterial population over time
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| Agar | A complex polysaccaride derived from a marine alga and used as a solidifying agent in media
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| Chemically defined medium | A culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is known
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| Complex media | A culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is not known
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| Capnophiles | A microorganism that grows best a relatively high CO2 concentrations
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| Colony | A visible mass of microbial cells arising from one cell or from a group of the same microbes
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| Differential media | A solid medium that makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism
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| Deep-freezing | Preservation of bacterial cultures at –50C to –90C
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| Death phase | The period of logarthmic decrease in a bacterial population
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| Enrichment culture | A culture medium used for preliminary isolation that favors the growth of a particular microorganism
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| Filtration | The passage of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material; a 0.45-μm filter removes most bacteria.
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| Generation time | The time required for a cell or population to double in number.
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| Lypholization | Freezing a substance and sublimating the ice in a vacuum; also called freeze-drying.
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| Lag phase | The time interval in a bacterial growth curve during which there is no growth.
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| Log phase/ Exponential Growth | The period of bacterial growth or logarithmic increase in cell numbers; also called exponential growth phase.
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| Nutrient broth | A complex medium made of beef extract and peptone.
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| Nutrient agar | Nutrient broth containing agar.
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| Plate count | A method of determining the number of bacteria in a sample by counting the number of colony-forming units on a solid culture medium.
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| Pour plate method | A method of inoculating a solid nutrient medium by mixing bacteria in the melted medium and pouring the medium into a Petri dish to solidify.
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| Reducing media | A culture medium containing ingredients that will remove dissolved oxygen from the medium to allow the growth of anaerobes.
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| Sterile | Free of microorganisms
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| Selective media | A culture medium designed to suppress the growth of unwanted microorganisms and encourage the growth of desired ones.
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| Streak plate method | A method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium.
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| Stationary phase | The period in a bacterial growth curve when the number of cells dividing equals the number dying.
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| Serial dilution | The process of diluting a sample several times.
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| Spread plate method | A plate count method in which inoculum is spread over the surface of a solid culture medium.
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| Antisepsis | A chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes; the chemical is called an antiseptic.
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| Asepsis | The absence of contamination by unwanted organisms.
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| Autoclave | Equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121°C.
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| Biocide | A substance capable of killing microorganisms.
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| Bacteriostasis | A treatment capable of inhibiting bacterial growth.
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| Commercial steralization | A process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying the endospores of Clostridium botulinum.
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| Direct microscopic count | Enumeration of cells by observation through a microscope.
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| Disinfection | Any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant.
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| Degerming | The removal of microorganisms in an area; also called degermation.
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| Decimal reduction time | The time (in minutes) required to kill 90% of a bacterial population at a given temperature; also called D value.
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| Desiccation | The removal of water
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| Equivalent treatments | Different methods that have the same effect on controlling microbial growth.
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| Flaming | The process of sterilizing an inoculating loop by holding it in an open flame.
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| High temperature short time pasturization | Pasteurizing at 72°C for 15 seconds.
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| HEPA filters | A screenlike material that removes particles larger than 0.3 μm from air.
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| Hot-air steralization | Sterilization by the use of an oven at 170°C for approximately 2 hours.
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| Ionizing radiation | High-energy radiation with a wavelength less than 1nm; causes ionization. X rays and gamma rays are examples.
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| Most probable number method | A statistical determination of the number of coliforms per 100 ml of water or 100 g of food.
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| Membrane filters | A screenlike material with pores small enough to retain microorganisms; a 0.45-μm filter retains most bacteria.
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| Pasturization | The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens.
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| Sterilization | The removal of all microorganisms, including endospores.
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| Sanitation | The removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas.
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| Sepsis | The presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue.
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| Turbidity | The cloudiness of a suspension.
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| Thermal death point | The temperature required to kill all the bacteria in a liquid culture in 10 minutes.
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| Thermal death time | The length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a given temperature.
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| Thermoduric | Heat resistant
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| Ultra-high temperature | A method of treating food with high temperatures (140–150°C) for very short times to make the food sterile so that it can be stored at room temperature.
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| Alcohol | An organic molecule with the functional group—OH.
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| Antimicrobial peptide | An antibiotic that is bactericidal and has a broad spectrum of activity; see bacteriocin.
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| Antibiotic | An antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus.
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| Broadspectrum antibiotic | An antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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| Bacteriacide | A substance capable of killing bacteria.
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| Chemotherapy | Treatment of disease with chemical substances.
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| Disk-diffusion method | An agar-diffusion test to determine microbial susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents; also called Kirby-Bauer test.
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| Halogens | One of the following elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine.
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| Microwaves | Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between 10^-1 and 10^-3 m.
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| Nonionizing radiation | Short-wavelength radiation that does not cause ionization; ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an example.
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| Nitrosamine | A carcinogen formed by the combination of nitrite and amino acids.
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| Obligodynamic activity | The ability of small amounts of a heavy metal compound to exert antimicrobial activity.
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| Phenol | Also called carbolic acid.
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| Phenolic | A synthetic derivative of phenol used as a disinfectant.
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| Plasma | (1) The liquid portion of blood in which the formed elements are suspended. (2) Excited gases used for sterilizing.
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| Peroxidase | An enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide: H_2O_2 + 2 H^+ → 2 H_2O
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| Peroxygen | A class of oxidizing-type sterilizing disinfectants.
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| Penicillans | A group of antibiotics produced either by Penicillium (natural penicillins) or by adding side chains to the β-lactam ring (semisynthetic penicillins).
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| quartemary ammonium compond (quat) | A cationic detergent with four organic groups attached to a central nitrogen atom; used as a disinfectant.
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| Surface active agent | Any compound that decreases the tension between molecules lying on the surface of a liquid; also called surfactant.
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| Selective toxicity | The property of some antimicrobial agents to be toxic for a microorganism and nontoxic for the host.
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| Superinfection | The growth of a pathogen that has developed resistance to an antimicrobial drug being used; the growth of an opportunistic pathogen.
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| Tincture | A solution in aqueous alcohol.
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| Use-dilution test | A method of determining the effectiveness of a disinfectant using serial dilutions.
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| Aminoglycosides | An antibiotic consisting of amino sugars and an aminocyclitol ring; for example, streptomycin.
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| Allylamines | Antifungal agents that interfere with sterol synthesis.
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| Azole | Antifungal agents that interfere with sterol synthesis.
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| Antibiogram | Report of antibiotic susceptibility of a bacterium.
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| Antisence (strand) | Viral RNA that cannot act as mRNA.
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| Broth dilution test | A method of determining the minimal inhibitory concentration by using serial dilutions of an antimicrobial drug.
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| Carbapenems | Antibiotics that contain a β-lactam antibiotic and cilastatin.
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| Ethambutol | A synthetic antimicrobial agent that interferes with the synthesis of RNA.
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| E test | An agar diffusion test to determine antibiotic sensitivity using a plastic strip impregnated with varying concentrations of an antibiotic.
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| Integrase | An enzyme produced by HIV that allows the integration of HIV DNA into the host cell's DNA.
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| Macrolide | An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis; for example, erythromycin.
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| Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) | The lowest concentration of a chemotherapeutic agent that will prevent growth of the test microorganisms.
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| Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) | The lowest concentration of chemotherapeutic agent that will kill test microorganisms.
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| Ketolide | Semi-synthetic macrolide antibodies, effective against macrolide resistant bacteria
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| Protease | An enzyme that digests proteins
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| RNAi (interference | Stops gene expression at transcription by using a short interfereing RNA to make double stranded RNA
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| Synergism | The principal whereby the effectiveness of two drugs used simultaniously is more effective than either drug used alone
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| siRNA (small interfering) | An intermediate in the iRNA process in which the long double stranded RNA has been cut up into short (21 nucleotides) double-stranded RNA
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| Vancomycin | An antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis
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| Zone of inhibition | The area of no bacterial growth around an antibacterial agent in the disk-diffusion method
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| Colony forming units (CFU) | Visible bacterial colonies on solid media (plate count report)
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| Sterilant | What a steralizing agent is called
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| Biphenols | A derivitive of phenol that contain two phenolic groups connected by a bridge (bi)
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| Iodophor | A complex of iodione and a detergent
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| Aldehydes | One of the most effective microbials. Fermaldehyde is an example
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| PABA | substrate of an enzyme reaction leading to the production of folic acid
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| Natural penicillins | Penicillin extracted from the mold cultures of Penicillium
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| Monobactam | An antibiotic that has only a single ring in the structure
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| Cephalosporins | Similar antibiotic to penicillin
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| Bacitracin | Polypeptide antibiotic effective mainly against gram-positive bacteria like streptococci and staphococci
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| Isoniazid | A very effective synthetic antimicrobial drug against tuburculosis
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| Tetracyclines | Closely related broad-spectrum antibiotics
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| Sulfonamides | Amoung the first antimicrobial drugs used to treat microbial diseases
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| Imiquimod | A drug used to treat genital warts
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| Antiretroviral | A drug used to treat HIV infections
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| Botulism | A form of food posioning caused by clostridium botulinum an obligately anaerobic, endospore forming, gram positive rod, found in soil and aquatic sediments.
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| Infant botulism | Most cases are associated with honey
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| Wound botulism | Botulum pathogen that grows in wounds
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| Mycobacterium leprae/ Hansen's disease | The only bacterium that grows in the PNS. Acid fast rod closely related to tuburculosis
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| Ischemia | Localized decreased blood flow
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| Necrosis | Tissue death
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| Gangrene | The death of soft tissue resulting from the loss of blood supply
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| Hyperbaric chamber | An apperatus to hold materials at greater than 1 atmosphere
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| Tetanus | Obligately anaerobic endospore forming gram positive rod. Common in areas where there is animal feces. Extremely potent neurotoxin is released upon the death and lysis of the bacteria.
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