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Block 6 ETOH - the fourth food group

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Question
Answer
What is the fourth food group?   Ethanol  
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What is the first enzyme to act on EtOH?   Alcohol dehydrogenase breaks it into acetaldehyde  
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What enzyme works on acetaldehyde?   acetaldehyde broken to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase  
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Where is ethanol metabolized?   the liver  
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What builds up with excessive EtOH metabolism? Problem?   NADH - which shifts the biosynthetic pathways toward lactate/lactic acid production and away from pyruvate/glucose production  
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What is the real toxin in ETOH metabolism?   cheap wine...or acetaldehyde  
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What is the second route of ethanol oxidation?   microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)  
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What is the principle enzyme used in MEOS? What does it use as an electron donor and acceptor?   cytochrome P450 uses NADPH as electron donor and O2 as acceptor  
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How many kilocalories per gram are in ethanol   7 Kcal/gram  
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What are the toxic effects of alcohol metabolism?   1. acute effects of NADH/NAD+ shift biosynthetic pathways 2. wake up next to a fat girl 3. toxic effects of acetaldehyde on liver  
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What is the fast step in EtOH metabolism?   EtOH + NAD+ catalyzed by alchol dehydrogenase (ADH) creates acetaldehyde and NADH  
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What is the Slow or second step? What will inhibit this step?   Acetaldehyde + NAD+ catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate + NADH inhibited by Disulfiram  
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Three conditions caused by acute alcoholism?   hypoglycemia, lactate acidosis, hyperurcemia  
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If a fasting person drinks heavily, what possible biosynthetic pathways are altered?   limited gluconeogenesis causes hypoglycemia lacticacidemia from excess NADH left shifting pathway lactate inhibits excretion of uric acid = hyperuricemia  
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What are two necessary precursors for gluconeogenesis?   alanine and glycerol  
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What makes acetaldehyde so dangerous to the internal environment?   It binds to macromolecules containing NH2, thiols etc.. to form adducts. Adducts destroy the original activity of the macromolecule  
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Why is protein synthesis and secretion damaged by chronic alcoholism?   adduct formation with tubulin(microtubules) and amino acids impairs it.  
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Why is adduct formation with glutathione so damaging?   Glutathione scavenges free radicals. When mitochondria are damaged, the ROS become worse  
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What makes alcoholics pack on the pounds?   damaged mitochondria uncouple oxidative phosphorylation - Fatty acid oxidation decreases, only fatty acid synthesis occurs  
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What is seen with alcohol damage to the brain?   Ataxia cognitive damage nystagmus  
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What is seen in the liver?   accumulationof collagen-type layers, disappearance of elastic fibers, parenchymal damage Release of AST/ALT  
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What vitamin is most affected by alcohol? Why?   Thiamine (B1) absorption in the GI tract is inhibited  
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Excess acetate from acetaldehyde is converted to what? What happens with increase in this compound?   Acetyl-CoA increase beyond normal causes fatty acid synthesis fatty livers increase in VLDL  
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