types of soils
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what are soil horizons L and F composed of | they are composed of mainly leaves, needles and twigs, commonly found on at the subsurface of mineral soils
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what are soil horizon O composed of | organic horizon is composed of mainly mosses, rushes and woody materials
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what is the soil horizon M | this horizon is altered by hydrolsis, oxidation or solution or all three to give a change in colour or structure
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what is soil horizon A | this mineral horizonformed at or near the surface in the zone of removal materials
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what is soil horizon B | this mineral horizon characterized by enrichment in organic carbon, sesquioxides or clay
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what is soil horizon C | this mineral horizon comparatively unaffected by the pedogenic processes operative in A and B
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Textural Triangle | is the textural soil classification of sand and gravel size, clay size, silt size
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soil | is general is defined as the unconsolidated, thin, variable layer of mineral and organic material
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macronutrients | nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
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micronutrients | Boron, chlorine, copper, iron and manganese
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secondary nutrients | Calcium, magnesium and sulphur
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micronutrients | Molybdenum, Zinc
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Grain Size Analysis test | to analyze soil texture based on the mechanical analysis and distribution of particles
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Coarse Grained | particles are visible to the eye examples: boulders, cobbles, gravel and sand
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Fine Grained | particles are not visible to the eye examples: silt nd clay
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Hazens Equation | K = 10(D10)2
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coeficient of uniformity | Cu = D60 divided D10
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Atterberg Limits | to understand the procedures for determining the liquid and plastic limits of a soil
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four stages of soil consistency | liquid, plastic, semi-solid and solid
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liquid | slurry, peasoup divided soft butter
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plastic | deform-changes it shape
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semi solid | shrinking and swelling
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solid | no shrinkage or swelling
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Hydrometer test | to understand the Bouyouces hydrometer method of mechanical analysisused to determine the approximate particle size distribution of soils that are finer
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clay properties | to understand the general properties of clay minerals
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porosity | describes the amount of pore space in soil
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Void ratio | expresses the relationship between the soilès solid phase and pore phase
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Standard Proctor test | to understand the principles and application of standard proctor test
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soil compaction | occurs when a weight on the soil surface rearranges the soil particles
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types of wetlands | surface water flow, subsurface flow, horizontal and vertical flow, plant cells and living machines
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key treatment parameters | conversion of nitrogenous wates, solids removal, biochemical oxygen demand and pathogen removal
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open water surface flow | resembles a natural habitat or marsh
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subsurface horizontal or vertical flow system | have no standing water on the surface
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nitrogen cycle | Amminification, Nitrification, Denitrification and Fixation
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System essentials | a diverse rich bacteria substrate and time
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hydrualic residence time | 72 hours is target residence time
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constructed wetland designs | the ability to undertake chemical, biological and physical processes
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