Module 6
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| What is Earth's outermost layer of rock? | Earth's crust
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| What are small, solid fragments of rock and other materials that are carried and deposited by wind, water, or ice (Ex. sand, mud or gravel)? | Sediment
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| What is formed when chemical reactions cement sediments together? | Sedimentary Rock
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| What is formed when molten rock solidifies? | Igneous Rock
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| Igneous or sedimentary rock that has been transformed as a result of great pressure and temperature is known as what? | Metamorphic Rock
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| What is rock that behaves like something between a liquid and a solid? | Plastic Rock
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| What is the vibration of the earth that results either from volcanic activity or rock masses suddenly moving along a fault? | Earthquake
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| What is the boundary between two sections of rock that can move relative to one another? | Fault
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| What is the point where an earthquake begins? | Focus
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| What is the point on the surface of the earth directly above an earthquake's focus? | Epicenter
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| What are the five sections that make up the earth? | atmosphere, hydrosphere, crust, mantle, and core
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| Which layers of the earth can we directly observe? | atmosphere, hydrosphere, and crust
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| What two regions of the earth does the Moho discontinuity separate? | crust from the mantle
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| What does the Gutenberg discontinuity separate? | mantle from the core
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| What does the Lehmann discontinuity separate? | inner core from the outer core
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| What is the main thing scientist observe in order to learn about the makeup of the earth's interior? | Scientists observe seismic waves, which are usually generated by earthquakes.
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| Which is solid, the inner core or the outer core? Why? | The inner core is solid because of pressure freezing.
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| Where is the magnetic field of the earth generated? | in the earth's core
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| What causes the magnetic field of the earth? | a large amount of electrical flow in the core
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| What theory says that the motion of the core is due to temperature differences in the core and the rotation of the earth? | dynamo theory
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| What theory states that the electrical current in the core started as a consequence of how the earth formed and is decreasing over time? | rapid-decay theory
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| Which theory is more scientifically valid: rapid-decay theory or dynamo theory? Why? | The rapid decay theory has been used to accurately predict the magnetic fields of other planets. The dynamo theory fails miserably at this.
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| Why is a catastrophe like the worldwide flood in Noah's time important if the rapid-decay theory is true? | A global catastrophe like the flood is required to be consistent with data indicating the magnetic field of the earth has reversed several times.
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| What two reasons make otherwise good scientists ignore the more scientifically valid rapid-decay theory? | 1) it requires a catastrophe like the Flood 2) it indicates an earth 10,000 years old or younger
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| Why would life cease to exist without the earth's magnetic field? | If the magnetic field didn't exist, cosmic rays from the sun would hit the earth, killing all life on the earth.
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| What are the "plates" in plate tectonics? | large islands of the earth's lithosphere floating around on the plastic rock of the asthenosphere
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| What is Pangaea? | a hypothetical supercontinent that might have existed in the past
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| Why do otherwise good scientists ignore the plate tectonics theory despite the evidence that exists for it? | It is usually linked to the idea of an earth that is billions of years old
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| What causes earthquakes? | the motion of rock masses along a fault or by volcanic activity
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| What are the four kinds of mountains? | volcanic, domed, fault-block and folded
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