Institutions
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| California v. Bakke | Court affirmed Powell's opinion rejecting "quotas" but allowing race to be one "factor" in college admissions to meet the compelling interest of diversity; 14th Amendment, Civil Rights Act of 1964
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| Tinker v. Des Moines | supports the protection of free expression that does not disrupt the educational purposes of the school; Extended student rights in school; 1st Amendment Freedom of Speech
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| Roe v. Wade | Gave a woman total control over the pregnancy during the first trimester and defined different levels of state interest for the 2nd and 3rd trimesters; 14th Amendment to the US Constitution
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| Webster v. Reproductive Health Services | Court began to restrict women’s rights to an abortion; 14th Amendment (Due Process, equal protection)
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| New Jersey v. TLO | Changed student’s rights forever; the standard’s for search and seizure on school property changed to admins no longer needing probable cause but reasonable suspicion; US Constitution Amendment IV
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| US v. Nixon | Confidential executive deliberations privilege is not absolute and can be overcome if a judge concludes that there is a compelling government interest; President is not above law; No relevant laws
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| Texas v. Johnson | Flag Protection Act 1989- this law made it a crime to knowingly mutilate, deface, physically defile, burn, or trample a US Flag. In 1990, Supreme Court of the US declared this law unconstitutional. Amendment I: Speech, Press, and Assembly
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| Earl Warren | Liberal Judicial Activist
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| William Burger | Liberal Activist
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| William Rehnquist | Conservative Restraint
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| How a case gets to the supreme court | appeal from a circuit court. A party seeking to appeal a decision of a circuit court can file a petition to the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari.
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| Standing committee | permanent/specialized; 20 in the House, 18 in the Senate
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| Select Committee | temporary; created for a specific purpose and is disbanded afterward (Watergate)
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| Joint Committee | made up of members of both houses that function like standing committees focused on a policy area
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| Conference Committee | temporary, usually for the purpose of reaching compromise on a bill
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| Ways and Means Committee | all bills go through here.
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| Rules committee | issues rules for debate on the floor
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| Iron Triangle | the policy making relationship between congress, federal agencies, and interest groups
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| Example of an Iron Triangle | Military-Industrial Complex, DOD, Defence Contractors
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| President Impeachment | The House must first pass by a simple majority articles of impeachment, which constitute the formal allegation or allegations. The Senate tries the accused
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| Debate is different in House and Senate? | House has limits, Senate does not.
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| Presidential Succession Act | it establishes the order of who succeed the President
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| Top 5 in Succession to President | Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Temp, Secretary fo State, Secretary of Treasury
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| Executive Orders | presidential directives that carry the force of law without the direct approval of congress
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| Executive Agreements | foreign policy agreements between our president and a foreign head of state that does not require congressional approval.
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| Executive Privilege | to keep people and conversations that take place between the President and his advisors confidential.
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| How do you become a justice? | Appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for life terms
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| 2 President Key advisors not confirmed by senate | Chief of Staff, Vice President
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| First Amendment | Personal Freedoms: Speech, Press, Peacable assembly, petition the government to resolve a grievance.
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| Second Amendment | The right to keep and bear arms
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| Fourth Amendment | Protection from unreasonable search and seizure
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| Fifth amendment | protection from double jeopardy, be a witness against yourself, be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
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| Sixth Amendment | Right to an attorney
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| Eighth Amendment | Protection from cruel and unusual punishment
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| Formal Powers of the President | commander in chief of the military; establish foreign policy, make treaties recieve ambassadors and heads of state; chief executive of the US; power to grant pardons and reprieves; appoint ambassadors, judges, and officers of the US
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| Formal Powers of the President | give congress a "state of the union" address; set the nation's policy agenda
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| War Powers Resolution | an attempt to clarify the power of the President and congress to send out troops into combat without a formal declaration of war; must notify congress within 48 hours of committing troops; they cannot stay more than 60 days without congressional approval
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